Family and Abbey Essay

Blonde hair, blue eyes and a sad look. This was the face of an innocent little girl named Abbey. Abbey was only 10 years old and she lived at home with her mother and father. She had no one to play with and her only friend was a little toy bear, it was old and falling apart and it had patches of hair. Abbey was an only child and was just about to start year 5 at Howard Pubic School. The poor little girl wasn’t so much bullied at school, but she was always left out. She was too young to understand why it was happening to her and why the children were always being mean to her. I guess you could say, most 10 year olds love going home at the end of the day to see their family but not Abbey. Abbey’s father had a beer in his hand as per usual and her mum had bloodshot eyes as always. The only time she was allowed out of her room was to go to school, other than that her parents always kept her locked in an attic because they had no time for the poor little girl and they never cared about her. Every afternoon she would come home from school and sit in her room talking to her toy bear when no one was around. She used to lie on the floor and not make a sound. She hides in a corner while she hears her parents come up and unlock the door. Some more and more pain Abbey has to go through for no reason at all. There are scars on her face and bruises on her legs. Out of everyone, why is she is such a horrible place? The poor little girl cries herself to sleep every night because all she wants to do is to fit in with everyone and have a family that loves her dearly but she thinks to herself why she is not belonging. She holds her toy bear close and sobs. Meanwhile in her room, she sits in the corner quiet but yet thinking â€Å"God why? Why did my life turn out like this?† Everyday is a struggle for the little five year old and she prays before she goes to bed â€Å"Dear Jesus, I know that my mummy or daddy do not care about me but please promise me you’ll take good care of them. I also pray that tomorrow I will make friends because it is hard for me to go to school and not play with anyone. No one wants to be friends with me and I don’t know why. Thank you and I love you†. One night before school, her mum came home high. The mother and father were having an argument and the police were called. The poor little girl was slapped, beaten and hit as hours went by. When the police showed up, they took Abbey to a foster home to be looked after. When she leaves, Abbey suddenly runs back inside and grabs her teddy, as that is the only thing she took with her. The mother and father said goodbye to the little girl as the police took her away. Abbey is now in a safer environment with carers that she loves. She has put everything past her and started a new life. She will always remember what happened when she was young but now all she can think of is how happy she is.

M&A in India in Past Few Years Essay

Abstract The process of mergers and acquisitions has gained substantial importance in today’s corporate world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organizations. In India, the concept of mergers and acquisitions was initiated by the government bodies. Some well known financial organizations also took the necessary initiatives to restructure the corporate sector of India by adopting the mergers and acquisitions policies. The Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. Till recent past, the incidence of Indian entrepreneurs acquiring foreign enterprises was not so common. The situation has undergone a sea change in the last couple of years. Acquisition of foreign companies by the Indian businesses has been the latest trend in the Indian corporate sector. The Indian IT and ITES sectors have already proved their potential in the global market. The other Indian sectors are also following the same trend. The increased participation of the Indian companies in the global corporate sector has further facilitated the merger and acquisition activities in India. The various factors that played their parts in facilitating the mergers and acquisitions in India are favorable government policies, buoyancy in economy, additional liquidity in the corporate sector, and dynamic attitudes of the Indian entrepreneurs are the key factors behind the changing trends of mergers and acquisitions in India. Even though mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been an important element of corporate strategy all over the globe for several decades, research on M&As has not been able to provide conclusive evidence on whether they enhance efficiency or destroy wealth. There is thus an ongoing global debate on the effects of M&As on firms. This article seeks to explore the trends and progress in M&As India. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 MERGER & ACQUISITION IN INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY The phrase mergers and acquisitions (abbreviated M&A) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity. In business or economics a merger is a combination of two companies into one larger company. Such actions are commonly voluntary and involve stock swap or cash payment to the target. Stock swap is often used as it allows the shareholders of the two companies to share the risk involved in the deal. A merger can resemble a takeover but result in a new company name (often combining the names of the original companies) and in new branding; in some cases, terming the combination a â€Å"merger† rather than an acquisition is done purely for political or marketing reasons. Mergers may be broadly classified in (i) Horizontal mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies manufacture similar product in the same industry. (ii) Vertical mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies work at different stages of manufacture of a same product. (iii) Conglomerate mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies operate in different industries. The word acquisition, also known as a takeover or a buyout, is the buying of one company (the ‘target’) by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile. In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations; in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the target’s board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established company and keep its name for the combined entity. This is known as a reverse takeover. Another type of acquisition is reverse merger, a deal that enables a private company to get publicly listed in a short time period. A reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business and limited assets. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 Reasons for Merger and Acquisition †¢ Operating synergies: The uniting of two firms improve productivity or cut costs so that the unlevered cash flows of the combined firm exceed the combined unlevered cash flows of the individual firm †¢ A vertical merger between a supplier and a customer, eliminates various coordination and bargaining problems †¢ A horizontal merger between competitors, produces a less competitive product market and cost savings from combining R&D facilities and sales forces †¢ Financial synergies: Information and incentive problems may cause cashstarved firms to pass up positive NPV projects, but cash-rich firms to overinvest in negative NPV projects †¢ Conglomerates can use internal capital markets to transfer funds from negative NPV projects to positive NPV projects †¢ †¢ Enhance the flexibility of the organization Reduces bankruptcy risk Objectives In this article an attempt has been made (i) To examine the presence of trends and progress of M&As in Indian corporation. (ii) To analyze year-wise and industry-wise variance in number and amount of M&A deals. Hypotheses To cover the above objectives following hypotheses have been formulated: 1. There is no significant difference in number and amount of M&A deals in between years and between industries. 2. There is no significant difference between M&A progress in manufacturing and service sector Industry-wise Trends of M&As The industry-wise trends in number and amount of M&A deals between 2000 and 2007 are presented in the Table 1 and Table 2 and the industry-wise trends and progress of M&As have been analysed on this basis Food and Beverages: India is the world’s second largest producer of food next to China, and has the potential of being the biggest with the food and agricultural sector. The Indian food market is estimated at over US$ 182 billion, and accounts for about two thirds of the total Indian retail market. According to industry experts, the market for carbonated drinks in India is worth US$ 1.5 billion while the juice and juice-based drinks market accounts for US$ 0.25 billion. Growing at a rate of 25 per cent, the fruitdrinks category is one of the fastest growing in the beverages market. The Indian food processing industry plays a significant role in diversifaction of agriculture products, generates employment, enhances income of farmers and creates a surplus for export of agro-foods. The important reason of the M&A activity initiated in this industry are deregulation, restructuring disinvestment, restructuring by parent companies and presence of foreign players. Textiles Industry: Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, the India Textile Industry was predominantly unorganized industry. The opening up of Indian economy post 1990s led to a stupendous growth of this industry. India Textile Industry is one of the largest textile industries in the world. Today, Indian economy is largely dependent on textile manufacturing and exports. India earns around 27% of the foreign exchange from exports of textiles. Further, India Textile Industry contributes about 14% of the total industrial production of India. Furthermore, its contribution to the gross domestic product of India is around 3% only. Textile Industry involves around 35 million workers directly and it accounts for 21% of the total employment generated in the economy. However the important reasons for the M&As in these sectors are: growth of power looms and handlooms sector at the cost of mill sector which has ultimately resulted in making them sick and unviable. This has led to an increase in the closure of mills; in addition, continued and persistent use of old plant and machinery has led to low profitability in the mill sector and thereby forcing some of mills to closedowns. Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals: Under this category companies operating in the industrial groups of chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, cosmetics petrochemicals and rubbers have been taken into account for analyzing the trend and progress. The drug & pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country’s demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large Pharmaceuticals manufacturers and suppliers and about 8000 Small Scale Pharmaceutical & Drug Units which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals manufacturers produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations i.e. medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs i.e. chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. Owing to a significant increase in Pharmaceuticals exports, India’s USD 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industries are growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Even the number of pharmaceuticals exporters, manufacturers and suppliers is increasing tremendously, the factors that contributed to increase in M&A activity in these sectors are: Introduction of the process Patent Act in 1970, which required Indian companies to recognize international process patents. This has given an opportunity for the Indian companies to grow. This growth is associated with M&As and the emergence of WTO has brought about fundamental changes in the pharmaceutical industry. Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) of WTO require all Indian companies to comply with international patents. This has mainly happened in the form of M&As. Non–metallic Mineral Products: In this sector, cement and ceramics manufacturers are the primary players. The factors responsible for M&As are: before 1999 cement industry faced many problems like liquidity crisis, inadequate expenditure on infrastructure and costs of inputs. South-east Asian crisis brought narrowed profitability resulting to the bigger players withstanding the pressure of lower profitability and smaller and marginal players closing down or merging with big players and trying to appear favorable for a takeover. National Quadrilateral Road Project and State Government Policies to construct the irrigation projects could be other factors responsible for this boom. Basic Metal, Alloy and Steel: This is one of the oldest and traditional industry sectors in India. Companies operating in metals, alloy, steel and related concerns are grouped under this head. The factors contributing to M&As in this sector are: Slowdown of the economy during the year 1996-97, the capital markets, remaining depressed for the past couple of years, drying up sources of investment funds for industry, small and medium corporate finding it difficult to access institutional funds and export growth subjected to competitive pressure from imports. Information Technology and Telecom: Companies operating in the IT, Software, telecom and convergence sector are clubbed in industry, the central government has formed an independent department of information technology. Since the removal of restrictions on foreign capital investment and industrial de-licensing, India’s Telecom industry has shown large growth The Important factors for increasing M&As in this sector are: Consistent efforts were made by the department of telecom and its constituent organizations for upgrading and expanding the telecom networks and services and the Initiation of internet and web based developments and introduction of cell phone in India;. Automobiles and Automobile Ancillaries: Companies operating in automobile sector, locomotives, transport and spares have been included under this head. The Indian transport industry has been gradually playing a catalytic role for producing a wide variety of vehicles, passenger cars. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are: Globilalization is pushing global auto majors to consolidate, to upgrade technology, enlarge product range, access new markets and to cut costs. Competitive pressure and presence of global players have resulted in a number of M&As in this sector. Energy, Power, Gas and Oil: Companies operating in the field of energy, power, gas and oil are included in this group. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are, low rate of growth in power generation depressed the growth rate of industrial production and has necessitated immediate attention of big companies like Reliance Industries and due to unavailability of power and frequent disruptions have given an impetus to M&As in this sector..

Case Study of a Care Plan for a Patient suffering multiple health problems

Case Study of a Care Plan for a Patient suffering multiple health problems In this assignment it will define and discuss a nursing intervention for a client with a long enduring mental health illness. A systematic approach will be used the nursing process and the role of the mental health nurse will be clearly identified in providing care for the client. The nursing process consists of four stages, the assessment, planning, implementing and evaluation. This problem solving approach will be adopted to structure, organise, and present the nursing intervention. A fully detailed client’s profile will be given. The â€Å"mental health assessment and plan† process will also be addressed. The client will be involved in the whole process as far as possible in order to empower him / her, a plan that is person centred and interventions that are evidence based will be displayed in the assignment. In this profile a pseudonym (James) will be used in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, (NMC, 2002) to maintain confidentiality. The need of the Multi – Displinary Team (MDT) for collaboration will be discussed in order to safe guard the patient to share skills and knowledge and to improve the quality of care. James is a 65 year old man with a diagnosis of severely depression and excessive alcohol intake. He was detained under section 3 of the mental health act (1983) at a low secure unit. James was admitted into the unit 12 months ago his index offence being physical assault and attempted suicide through an overdose with his prescribed medication for his depression and insomnia. He shares the house with four other men in the unit. James is potentially active and usually manages his day to day living activities as well as attending day care sessions without much prompting. However, he had recently become very reluctant to attend to his personal hygiene. This became worse when James started going for days without washing or bathing himself. His room was never cleaned hence having a bad odour because of his leg ulcer a nd he refuses the Tissue Viability Nurse (TV) to change the dressings regularly. Care Programme Approach (1991) which aims to improve the co-ordination of services and collaboration between the various agencies, carers and service user. The introduction of the CPA in (1991) was to provide shape, coherence to what had often been haphazard, uncoordinated attempts to provide support in the care for people with severe mental illnesses (DOH1991). CPA is a statutory framework within which bio-psycho-social needs assessments is carried out (Norman and Ryrie 2004). This odour was because James would not change allowing the TV nurse to dress his leg ulcer for days. At his previous review meeting, issues around his hygiene had been viewed as hazardous to his health and also the health of staff since there were times when they would have to go into his room now and again. If James had no day care sessions to attend to he would sit and watch television. James also had a fairly huge appetite, he was observed to be frequently asking for more food at meal times. The other factor that proved he had a huge appetite was that he always asked for tea and biscuits several times between meals. This could be seen as poor eating patterns as Henderson (2001) implied that frequent binging is a factor behind poor eating patterns. Concerns about his weight gain had recently been discussed in his review meeting. James had of late become very withdrawn, wanting to be alone all the time. In an interview with him, he expressed how he felt useless and not having any faith in himself.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Assignment - Essay Example In addition, they wanted to dictate others’ rights and interests, but did not want others to dictate and control their rights and interests. That is, white national group (including all Whites in South Africa) never wanted to surrender its right of political self-determination, or share political rights with Non-White. (). Instead they wanted to determine and restrict the rights of the majority non-white people and that formed the philosophical basis of Apartheid. So, apartheid short-circuited the multi-culturality of the South African society and in many respects alienated their philosophical reflection from its immediate context. (). Apartheid came to an end because of both internal as well as external factors. One of key factor which put an end was the opposition against Apartheid by not only the non-White people but also by certain sections of the White people. With opposition from all sections, the minority white government started to have second thoughts on continuing Apartheid. Then, there was intense external pressure particularly from Western countries, civil rights groups and even business organizations. With many protectionist and communist regimes like Soviet Union disintegrating and more countries adopting democracy, there was more pressure on the South African government to abolish Apartheid and call for free and fair democratic elections. Many business organizations from Western countries operating in South Africa were pressurized to stop and leave from there. In addition, South African companies’ products were boycotted in foreign countries. Thus, lack of business flow negatively impacted th e South African economy. â€Å"By the 1980s the economy in general and the manufacturing sector in particular showed signs of stagnation. The investment rate dropped from being one of the highest in the world--22.3% in 1964 to 16% in 1991† (). Thus, these social

Security Operations in the United States since September 11, 2001 Term Paper

Security Operations in the United States since September 11, 2001 - Term Paper Example This essay discusses the September 11, 2001 attacks, that led to the implementation of various security policies by the government. These policies were meant to improve the apprehension of terrorists and the prevention of more terrorist attacks and activities. These security measures have provided safety and security for Americans, ensuring that authorities can carry out security measures efficiently. However, these changes have caused various negative elements into play. Firstly, entry and migration into the US has become tighter and more difficult. Secondly, these security measures have caused violations of rights, especially those which relate to the rights of privacy, rights of the public to be informed about government actions, and the rights to due process. Finally, security measures have caused racial tensions in US. In effect, although we may be safer now, we have become less secured in our civil rights. These security measures have provided safer conditions for Americans all owing the government authorities to carry out security measures with minimal legal interference. However, the price for these security operations has been and is being paid for by the American public. Firstly, going into and out of the ports has become a very difficult and tedious process. Secondly, these security measures have also led to the violations of liberties and rights, especially those which relate to the rights of privacy, rights of the public to be informed about government actions, and the rights to due process.

The War on Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The War on Drugs - Research Paper Example The initiative geared toward the prevention of drug abuse in the United States has raised concerns due to the huge sums of taxpayers’ money that are directed toward supporting it. According to Miron (2004), it consumes millions of dollars annually trying to maintain the war on drugs. This is an expenditure that many views as wastage of resources that could be useful for containing the rising crime rate. Moreover, it has been identified as an agent of corruption, mainly in the funding of the numerous task forces meant for the reduction of illegal trading and abuse of drugs. For example, the Byrne Justice Grant is one of the programs that have been set for funding the initiative and has proved to yield unsatisfactory results for many. In regard to the reduction of the illegal drug trade and abuse, the program has not been able to accomplish the desired results, and its existence raises questions as to why huge sums of taxpayers’ money should be used on such a futile under taking (Holden-Rhodes 1997). The awareness campaigns through television are also a major consumer of taxpayers’ money. Advertisements regarding drugs are mainly used to sensitize the population about drug abuse. All these anti-drug campaigns are usually exposed to corrupt deals, which is in itself a crime that is punishable under the laws of the United States. Moreover, the evidence that forms the basis for prosecution is usually minimal, which leads to the imprisonment of many citizens, especially those of the African American descent. The process is usually prone to lies and racial discrimination.

Finance for Business Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance for Business Decisions - Essay Example AMP Limited’s financial data of 2011 shows that the company has 949,037 shareholders with a total share capital of 2,854,672,784 ordinary shares. The total number of Employees that work under the banner of AMP Limited is 6000, with 4131 employed and self-employed planners and has a relationship with 6,000 independent financial planners (AMP 2012). The company has two major business units, the first works under the name of AMP Financial Services where 4100 aligned and employed planners provide services regarding income protection, disability and life insurance, superannuation and superannuation services for business, retirement income, selected banking products and financial advices to its customers based in Australia and New Zealand. The second unit AMP Capital is diversified investment managers, who invest in fixed interest, property, diversified funds, equities and infrastructure. Currently they are managing $123 billion in assets for those who believe in AMP Capital and their strategies of creating wealth for their clients. The growth is on going with the emergence into different countries worldwide. The merger between AMP with AXA Asia Pacific Holding in 2011 gave a boost to the growth of AMP Limited as being the strongest business of Australia and New Zealand enhancing their services while it creates a competitive force in the financial sector. The investment in AXA Pacific Holding has proved to be a strong policy for the company’s future growth as the merger has increased sales, company has become more competitive and an expanding advisory force. Based on the financial report the company maintains its payout ratio of 75 to 85 percent by announcing a dividend of 14 cents per share for the year 2011. However, the net profit attributable to shareholder of the company declined by 11% and reached $688 million compared to $775 million in 2010. The underlying profit shows 20% increase of $909 million than the previous year, as the 9 months contribution

A Woman in Berlin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Woman in Berlin - Essay Example This indicates the urge for self-preservation in a human being to the extent of availing such grim unworthy options. But the Russians had no educated Officer class to take appropriate decisions and exercise proper control over their men. Most of the officers were peasants as also the troops he commanded, but under the protection of the higher-ups in the army, she got better facilities, and then secured a typewriter through a friend to produce a fair copy of her jottings. Ultimately, she settled in America. (B.)The living conditions of the German people were absolutely horrid. They mostly occupied the basements of the bombed buildings and had no proper ration and clothing. Living in a war situation presents innumerable difficulties for the party that has lost in the war. Firstly, it is most humiliating to live as a loser. Secondly, what would be the next step of the army personnel, under whose mercy they have to spend time, is another serious problem. Many of the survivors shifted fro m one basement to another. In normal circumstances such pathetic living conditions are unthinkable. (C)In the present case, the residents have mostly supported each other, and for rejecting such advances there should be very strong reasons, such as conflict amongst different nationalities. (D)Human memory is very short, and one cannot say that the sufferings undergone by a particular generation of any country will be remembered by them for all time to come. But what happened is part of the history that cannot be obliterated by anyone. The coming generations, as students of history or the citizens of the country will continue to evaluate the facts. The politicians and the administrators of the country are not likely to commit the same mistakes that caused immense harm to the economy and damage to the psyche of the people. 2. (A) The men of the German force, were suddenly thrown into humiliating circumstances. They had lost everything, their prestige, rank, property and in many cases their family members were dead or missing. The end of war was a great relief, and they were confronted with a new set of economic problems. Many of them had lost their thinking power and were in a state bordering insanity. (B). The perspectives in which stories relating to their experiences were told differed in details but not in substance much. German soldiers talked about their bravery at the fronts. The author elucidates the issue thus: â€Å"And they loved to tell their stories which always involved exploits that showed them in a good light.†(149) I think that the German soldiers were not responsible for the plight in which they were put into. When they were asked to surrender by the higher authorities, they had no option but to surrender. They had no role in directing the politics of the state. Only the grave issue before them was to take care of their family and household. In that grim situation anyone would turn cynical. Many had to confront the situation of loss of l ife of their family members, rape of their wife and children by the Russian soldiers, total destruction of the property etc. In no way such soldiers were liable for condemnation for their so-called impotence. (C) After the ravaging World War II at the fronts where guns and

Developments in UK energy distribution systems Research Paper

Developments in UK energy distribution systems - Research Paper Example The main purpose of this report is to set out important components that make up a modern energy network-heat, gas, and electricity. For each section, the report evaluates the development made, the challenges mooted ahead and what the government is currently doing to mitigate for that. Strengthening the electrical network in the UK has been a critical objective for the government to meet the ever-increasing energy demands in the country. Though historically the electrical system of the UK has been rated as among the best, the fact remains that much of the structure was initiated in the 60s and it was meant to meet the needs of that time Department of Energy & Climate Change 2014). With the ever-increasing generation of renewable technologies as well as nuclear energy stations, the electrical system in the country has been rendered obsolete. The investment into upgrading the electrical system in the UK is already underway. Since 2010-2011-fiscal year, over  £16 billion has already been spent on improving offshore and onshore electrical networks. According to Ofgem estimates, the total investments in these networks have since increased to more than 20%. Adoption of new government policies and regulatory frameworks is creating the best condition for the betterment of electrical networks. Because of the installation of more reliable regulatory regimes, there is a larger, reliable, and stronger electrical network in the U.K. To be at par the pace at which the electrical demands are moving, the government is working closely with the Ofgem to create systems that are resilient to current and future challenges (Department of Energy & Climate Change 2014). The interventions and frameworks being installed are meant to ensure that the system of sustainable not only to the demands of customers but also to meeting the global standards. Improving the structures of the energy electrical systems has become a chief objective of the UK government. With these

Hunting falcons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hunting falcons - Essay Example The falcons are known to have a very high diving speeds compared to the other birds and can change directions very quickly. In terms of species number, more than 40 different species of falcon exists in different palaces of the world. However, the most common species of falcon is the peregrine falcon and the black falcon. The falcons also have great eyesight and have few predators that pose threat to their existence. In terms of distribution, peregrine falcon and the black falcon are the most widely distributed species of falcon throughout the world. The birds occupy most of the north America, pacific coast, Mexico and Central America all year round. In addition, studies have shown that peregrine falcons are also found in the Antarctica region. A more spectacular feature is that the peregrines also inhabit regions close to rivers due to the presence of target prays including fish. The falcons have no specific diet but their prey can be either on land or above the ground. For example, small birds in air contribute a large percent of prey above the ground. The falcons are able to prey on other birds because of their swift and calculative dives. On the ground, the falcon target on small animals like mice and frogs. Some species of falcons like the white backed vulture also do scavenge on body remains of bigger animals found on the ground. In addition to the small animals found on the ground, the snake eagles, which belong to the same class of falcons, preys mostly on snakes found on the ground. Lastly, the falcons also target fish and other small aquatic inhabitants found in rivers, lakes and oceans. On the other hand, falcons have adapted to their survival by having different features that enable them to get prey and survive in the different environmental conditions. For example, the snake eagles have very tough scales on their feet and have feathers surrounding their neck.

BP vs Exxon Essay Example for Free

BP vs Exxon Essay The BP oil spill is the most resent oil incident. The oil spill was really big and caused a lot of mess and damage to nature. It killed a lot of animals and fish and made the water dangerous. BP says that they were working hard to clean the oil up. They were taking a really long time. BP has responded to todays US Government report into last years Deepwater Horizon accident, it says it agrees with its core conclusion, consistent with every other official investigation that the accident was the result of multiple causes, involving multiple parties, including Transocean and Halliburton. From the outset, BP acknowledged their role in the accident and has taken big steps to further enhance safety and risk management throughout its global operations, including the implementation of new voluntary standards and practices in the Gulf of Mexico that exceed current regulatory requirements and strengthen the oversight of contractors. A lot of different dirty oily thing was all over the beaches. Tar balls washed onto Gulf of Mexico beaches from Tropical Storm Lee shows that oil left over from 2 years BP spill isnt breaking down as quickly as some scientists thought it would. Auburn University experts who studied tar samples at the request of coastal leaders said the latest wave of gooey balls and chunks appeared really fresh, smelled strongly and were barley changed chemically from the weathered oil that collected on Gulf beaches during the spill. The study concluded that mats of oil, not weathered tar, which is harder and contains fewer hydrocarbons , are still submerged on the bottom of the sea and could pose a long-term risk to coastal ecosystems. BP didnt immediately comment on the study, but the company added a lot of cleanup crews and extended their hours after large patches of tar balls polluted the white sand at Gulf Shores and Orange Beach starting maybe around Sept. 6. Tar balls also washed on shore in Pensacola, Fla. Which is to the east and was farther from the storms path. Marine scientist, George Crozier, said the findings make sense because submerged oil degrades slowly due to the relatively low amount of oxygen in the Gulf of mexicos sandy bottom. It eathered to some extent after it moved from southern Louisiana to Alabama but not much has happened to it since then, said Crozier, longtime director of the state sea laboratory at Dauphin Island. Crozier said remnants of the spill are economically toxic for tourism, but he doubts there is much of an environmental threat. The oil lingering on the seabed is of a consistency and chemical composition somewhere between crude oil and tar, he said. The company did not agree to a request by the city of Gulf Shores to expand the latest cleanup efforts to include big heavy machinery. Auburn studied tar balls that were dragged up by Lee at the request of the city of Orange Beach with outside funding from the city, the National Science Foundation and the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium. The study wasnt reviewed by outside scientists before its release. The numbers dont lie, two weeks ago, a man named skimmers picked up roughly about 25,000 barrels of nasty dark oily water from the gulf of Mexico. On Thursday of two years ago, they gathered just about 200 barrels of the stuff that’s killing the environment. Still, it doesnt mean that all the oil that gushed for weeks is gone. Thousands of small oil patches are still under the surface, but experts say an astonishing amount has disappeared, reabsorbed into the environment. On the other hand, Exxon’s oil spill was in 1989. The oil spill was really really big also. On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The ship was traveling outside normal shipping lanes in an attempt to avoid ice(but still ended up crashing). Within six hours of the grounding, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 10. 9 million gallons (wow that’s a lot I bet the fishes was mad) of its 53 million gallon cargo of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Eight of the eleven tanks on board were damaged. The oil would eventually impact over 1,100 miles of noncontiguous coastline in Alaska, making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill to date in U. S. waters. The response to the Exxon Valdez involved more personnel and equipment over a longer period of time than did any other spill in U. S. history. Logistical problems in providing fuel, meals, berthing, response equipment, waste management and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management. At the worst part of the response, more than 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels and 85 aircraft were involved in the cleanup(but still didn’t get the job done right). It killed lots of animals.

The 140 Marketing terms you must know Essay Example for Free

The 140 Marketing terms you must know Essay The most visible part of a communication program for the end consumer. Uses mass media channels such as press, bill boards, radio, TV and cinema. See also Below the line. Advertiser A company that uses advertising as a strategic tool to build its business. The advertiser most often works with an Advertising Agency. Advertising Agency The advertisers first communication partner. Designs campaigns that run in press, TV, billboards, radio, cinema and online. 2 Key departments are Strategic Planning, Account Management, Creative and Production. Account Director The client contact at the advertising agency: briefs the right agency resources sells the agency work oversees the account profitability Adaptation work All translations, modifications and specific implementation ideas that will make a global campaign work locally to full effect. Agency Briet The crucial meeting (and document) in which the Advertiser communicates its business and communication objectives to the agency. 3 App A simple piece of software designed for a specific use and purpose for the end user. Mainly for mobile digital devices (smart phones and tablets). Art Buyer The person who finds the third party talents ho will design the final print and TV ads (photographer, film director, illustrator ). She also negociates all the production quotes and royalties. Art Director The eye of the creative team. In particular is in charge for the look ; feel of the campaign. (see also Copy Writer) 4 Below the line The less visible part of a communication program for the end consumer. Uses more targeted channels such as trade publications, direct mail, emailing or even in store activities. See also Above the line. Benchmarking The learning process that goes through the study of the best practices from the past or rom the brands competitors. 5 Benefit The essence of what the brand promises to its consumers that can change their lives in a positive way. See also Brand Promise Big Idea An outstanding creative idea never seen betore, that connects witn consumers and is true to the brand. Body copy The small type text in a press ad that explains in more detail the attributes and benefits of the product or service advertised. See also Headline. Bottom up Any user generated communication piece that will have an impact on the brand perception (e. g. blogs, forums, word of mouth). See also Top down. 6 Brand Awareness The percentage of the population who know the brand by name and can associate it with the right product category. Brand Book The brand Bible. The document that sums up the brand: its vision, pyramid, and its visual and creative guidelines. The purpose is to ensure that every future communication piece respects the values and the formal identity of the brand. Brand Character Describes the brand personality and the type of relationship it has with its consumers as if it were a person. 7 Brand Equity The differential effect that brand knowledge has on customer response to brand marketing activity. Brand Generated Content Content that is 100% generated by the brand Marketing department or by the agency, as opposed to User Generated Content. Brand Premium The price difference consumers are prepared to pay for a branded product vs a very similar product unbranded or from another brand. Brand Promise The rational or emotional benefit the brand stands for. Should always be consistent with the brand vision. 8 Brand Vision The brands ultimate ambition and why it is irreplaceable. The vision explains and Justifies the brands present and future initiatives. BTB Communication Any communication piece that addresses a business constituency of the brand, eg a ustomer, a supplier or a partner. BTBTC Communication Any communication piece intended for both to the business partner and the end-consumer that will facilitate the selling protocol (e. g. window displays, demonstration kits, etc.. ). BTC Communication Any communication piece directly addressed to the end-consumer. 9 Budget (Production/ Media) The financial provisions made by the advertiser to support the costs of its marketing and advertising campaigns. Buzz Literally a murmur. An intriguing communication piece that generates a word of mouth. The goal is to turn consumers into a free media for the brand. Also called Viral Marketing. 10 c Call to action Any communication piece that generates a positive change in the consumers behaviour (e. g. visit the web site, make an inquiry, visit a store, Campaign The implementation program that will make the creative idea come to life through all the relevant touch points with the consumers (offline, online, POP ). Challenge (in the brief) Explains what behavior or mindset change the advertiser wants to create on consumers through the new communication program. 11 Challenger Brand A brand with a strong and relevant point of difference yet without the stature, nowledge, and e steem of a Powerbrand. Claim An advertising statement that sums up the product performance or benefit. Competitive analysis/Copy review The analysis of the past advertising and results of a brand vs its competitors. Concept A short paragraph describing how the brand wishes to present itself through its products or services to appeal to consumers. Connect The brands ability to get closer emotionally to each and every consumer. 12 Copy Strategy See Creative Brief Copy Writer The pen of the creative team more specifically in charge of the headlines, signature and body copy. (see also Artistic Director) Cost controller Independent expert appointed by the advertiser to check the quotes and optimize production budgets. Creative Awards Yearly prize giving ceremony that distinguishes the most creative campaigns and agencies. The best known and prestigious Awards are the Cannes Lions. (See also Effie Awards) 13 Creative Brief Also called Copy Strategy. The contract that articulates what is expected from the creative campaign, what it must communicate (benefit, reason why), and to whom (core target). Creative Director Head of the agency creative department. Accountable for the quality of the work and he creative reputation of the agency. Creative Journey The total creative process from the initial concept writing to the local implementation of the campaign. Usually takes approximately 10 months. 4 Creative Presentation The meeting in which the advertising agency presents its different creative proposals for the future campaign. All decision makers on the agency and client side should be present. Creative Selection Always the clients call. When the decision is taken to go forward with one idea among the different creative proposals presented by the agency. Creative Team In general a Copy Writer and an Artis tic Director. Together they come up with the creative idea that answers best the creative brief. Their work is approved by the Creative Director. 5 Ditterence (brand) Any ownable attribute that makes a brand unique. The #1 of the four building blocks ofa Powerbrand. Digital Media The various platforms and channels (websites or Social Media) a Brand uses on the Internet Disruption Advertising method originally created by JeanMarie Dru of TBWA. Its core belief is that the strongest brands have established themselves 16 by breaking all pre-existing conventions on their market. DOS DONTS Formal guidelines of what should always and lso what should never happen in any piece of advertising developed for the brand (e. g. fonts, colors, logo placement, . Part of the Brand Book. 17 Effie Awards distinguishes the top business building campaigns and agencies. (see also Creative Awards). Endorsement A third party explicit support that improves the brands credibility (eg a celebrity, an expert, a group of consumers.. ) Esteem (Brand) Measures to which degree consumers are proud of buying and of using the brand. The #4 of the four building blocks of a 18 Fee (agency) The financial compensation paid by the advertiser to its advertising agency. Negociated by contract most often on a yearly basis. Also based on an agreed Scope of Work (SOW). EMOT (or ZMOT) First (Zero) Moment Of Truth P;G concept. The very short lapse of time in which a shopper in a store makes up his/her mind about a product or a brand. 19 Gatekeeper Someone from the advertiser organization with the power to approve or stop the process at any given stage of the development of the creative campaign. Generic Anything can be claimed by any player in a given category. Cannot be owned by any brand. GRP Media measurement unit on a given target audience that combines the average reach 20 nd the number of occasions to be exposed to an advertisement (reach x frequency). Gut feeling The initial reaction a Marketeer should always have when first exposed to an ad. The more spontaneous, the better. 21 Headline The line at the head ofa press or poster ad that it supposed to catch the attention of the viewer. See also Body Copy. Hemisphere right/left Refers to how our brain works. The right Hemisphere is the most intuitive one, the left Hemisphere is the most analytical. Ag campaign should speak to both hemispheres. Impact A metric of the ability for an ad or a campaign to get noticed and remembered immediately y the target audience. Incentive (agency) Any reward that generates the motivation to go the extra mile. Money is one. Recognition is another. Insight A consumer related truth. It should always be the starting point to develop new products or to conceive an effective communication strategy. The Strategic Planner can help brands to identify untapped insights. Judgment (Creative) There are 7 criteria to Judge a creative campaign: 1. Is ita big idea? 2. Is it on equity? 3. Does it communicate the benefit? 4. Is it simple? 5. Does it connect? 6. Is it distinctive and recognizable? 7. Is it easy to implement? 24 Kit (communication) The different creative pieces of a campaign put together for the local markets to adapt according to their specific needs and requirements. Knowledge (Brand) The consumers clear understanding of what the brand stands tor. Intimate Knowledge is the #3 of the four building blocks of a 25 KOL Key Opinion Leader. Has the credibility, expertise or fame to be a decisive influencer on a group of consumers. Key Performance Indicators. Pre-selected criteria to help assess and monitor the results ofa campaign. 26 Layout In advertising a piece of creative presentation material in the form of a drawing on a board. Has the same meaning as Mock up. Lead Agency The agency in charge of the strategy and central work on behalf on an international client. Its role is also to coordinate the work of the local agencies and monitor the account profitability for the network. 27 Mandatories Defined in the Agency Brief. For eg media selection, formats, cultural traps, graphic guidelines, different languages Indispensable before the creative team start working on the brief.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process Engineering Essay

Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process Engineering Essay INTRODUCTION Fluid catalytic cracking process, which is now more than 60 years old, is the cornerstone of most of the petroleum refineries. It has proven to be the most-efficient process available for the conversion of gas oils and residue into more valuable lighter hydrocarbons. Many refiners consider the catalytic cracking process to be the highest profit generating unit in the entire refinery. In earlier times, Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) was operated broadly in two modes, they are; Maximum gasoline mode Maximum distillate mode But with the advent of Reformulated gasoline (RFG), these are now operated in maximum olefin mode. FCCU is a very sophisticated unit with many factors affecting each other and the overall process. In some processes investigation of factors impact is done by changing one factor at a time while keeping other factors constant. In case of FCCU it is almost practically impossible to obtain a clear indication; as, change in one single factor leads to change(s) in one or more other factors. This whole phenomenon is a natural consequence of the heat balance of FCCU. If the unit is to operate at steady state, then the unit has to be in heat balance condition. At this stage the heat requirement in the reactor is satisfied by burning coke in the regenerator and transferring the energy to the reactor through circulating hot catalyst. Heat balance around the reactor-regenerator can be used to predict the effects of process changes although the exact degree of the changes may be difficult to estab lish. It is one step at a time thought process and rather difficult to pin down exact numbers without a careful study of yields and coke laydown rates as affected by changing variables. In this work a plant data is taken as reference and based on that, calculations have been done to find out the net heat of endothermic reactions occurring in the riser reactor, assuming that the unit is operating at steady state and that the riser is an isothermal one. Then as per the products slate, a 7-lumped model is considered from various literatures and based on the kinetics of reactions, rate equations are formed and with the knowledge of available kinetic parameters the differential temperature drops along the height of the riser are calculated. PROCESS DESCRIPTION More than a dozen types of FCCU are operating worldwide. But the basic designs of all these type remain the same. FCCU comprises of two parts; Riser reactor, in which catalytic cracking reactions occur Regenerator, in which burning of coke (deposited during cracking) from the catalytic sites is done Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a typical FCCU. The feed is preheated in a furnace and (Figure: 1- Schematic Diagram of a typical FCCU) injected at the bottom of the riser along with a small amount of steam. This steam helps in dispersion of feed, good atomization and reduces coke formation by decreasing the partial pressure of hydrocarbon vapours. The feed is subsequently vaporized when it comes in contact with the hot catalyst from regenerator. The hydrocarbon vapours so formed undergo endothermic cracking reactions on their way up through the riser. The expansion of product vapours occurs through the length of the riser and the gas velocity increases with decreasing gas density. Hot catalyst particles provide the sensible heat and latent heat requirements for vaporizing the liquid feed and also endothermic heat of reaction for the cracking reactions. After a certain distance from the entry zone of the riser, the liquid feed is completely vaporized. Cracking reactions continue with the vapours moving up in the riser and the temperature is dropped along the length of the riser due to endothermic nature of cracking. The catalytic cracking is started and also completed in a very short period of time inside the riser reactor in which the catalyst is pushed upward by incorporating steam at various locations along the length of the riser and hydrocarbon vapours. Mixture of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapour travels up in the riser into the reactors. Steams injected at different locations in the riser are as follows, Fluffing steam at the bottom of the riser Dispersion steam along with fresh feed injectors Riser dilution steam above the fresh feed injectors Dispersion steam along with recycle stream injectors Aeration steam into the riser J bend to fluidize the catalyst Along with this some other locations are there where steam is injected. They are as follows; Spent catalyst standpipe aeration steam Regenerated catalyst standpipe aeration steam Reactor quench steam Reactor dome steam Post riser quench steam Stripping steam into strippers Mixture of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapour is discharged from the riser to the riser cyclone assembly. The bulk of the spent catalyst is separated from product vapours in the cyclone assembly. If necessary the vapours leaving the riser cyclones are routed into secondary cyclone assembly located inside the reactor vessel. Separated catalysts flow through each cyclone dip leg into the stripper. Product vapours leave the reactor cyclones and flow into the main fractionator through the reactor overhead vapour line. Quench steam is injected inside the reactor vessel to reduce the temperature, so as to minimize post riser thermal cracking reactions and coke formation. Reactor dome steam is provided to sweep hydrocarbons and avoid dead areas on top of the reactor vessel that may lead to thermal cracking and coking in that area. The separated catalyst from the riser and reactor cyclone assemblies enters the catalyst stripper. As the catalyst flows down the stripper, it gets stripped off the entrained hydrocarbon vapours by the up flowing steam. Stripping enhances the product recovery and reduces the carryover of hydrocarbon to the regenerator along with the spent catalyst thereof. Fluffing steam ensures the fluidization of the circulating catalyst. Stripped catalyst from the stripper flows into the regenerator dense bed through the spent catalyst standpipe (SCSP). Catalyst level in the stripper is maintained by spent catalyst slide valve (SCSV). Aeration steam is provided in the SCSP to ensure proper flow and fluidization of spent catalyst. Coke adsorbed on the spent catalyst during cracking reaction is been removed in the regenerator by burning off the coke with air. Air is supplied from the air blower to the regenerator through multiple distributors. Air is also introduced at different locations of the regenerator, they are as follows; T-grid air Regenerated catalyst standpipe (RCSP) hopper aeration air RCSP aeration air Regenerator fluffing air at the bottom near the J bend The regenerator can be operated in two modes; Partial combustion mode Complete combustion mode For partial combustion mode, a CO boiler is needed to convert CO to CO2. The current discussion is for complete combustion mode regenerator. Flue gas from the regenerated dense bed flows to the two stage regenerator cyclone assembly. Here the entrained catalyst is separated from the flue gas. The separated catalyst flows back to the dense bed through cyclone dip legs. Flue gas from the cyclone flows out from top of the regenerator through a flue gas line. Total air flow to the regenerator is regulated based on the desired level of oxygen in flue gas. Too low O2 concentration will cause coke build up on regenerated catalyst and CO release from regenerator. Too high O2 concentration will lead to regenerator cooling. So, regenerator flue gas is regularly examined for O2, CO, CO2, NO2, SO2 analysis. FEED CHARACTERIZATION The only constant in FCC operation is the frequent change in feedstock quality. Thats why two feeds with similar boiling point ranges can exhibit huge differences in cracking performance and product yields. Feed characterization is one of the most important activities in monitoring the FCC process. Feed characterization is the process of determining physical and chemical properties of the feed. Understanding feed properties and also knowing their impact on units performance is an essential thing. Trouble shooting, catalyst selection, unit optimization and subsequent process evaluation, all depend on feedstock. Feed characterization relates product yields and qualities to feed quality. Analytical techniques like mass spectrometry are sophisticated and not practical for determining complete composition of FCC feedstock. Simpler empirical correlations are often used. They are as follows; oAPI gravity and UOP K Boiling range Average boiling point Carbon residue Metals Sulphur, Nitrogen and Oxygen oAPI gravity and UOP K It is a specific gravity relating the density of oil to the density of water. The empirical formula for this is; oAPI 131.5 (3.1) Feed to an FCC can range from 15o to 45o API. If the API gravity increases the charge stock will crack more readily and for the same reaction temperature there will be greater conversion. Secondly at a constant conversion level, there will be greater gasoline yield with slightly lower octane. A rough indication of the quantities of paraffin present is a characterization factor which relates boiling point to specific gravity, is called the UOP K factor. This is given by; (3.2) Where: CABP = cubic average boiling point, oR SG = specific gravity at 60 oF Higher the UOP K value more is the paraffinic nature of the feedstock. Boiling Range The boiling range of FCC feed varies from an initial point of 500oF to an endpoint of about 1000oF. There are two boiling point ranges which are used to describe the lighter material in the feed. They are; Per cent over 430oF Per cent over 650oF The first quantifies the amount of gasoline in the feed. The second one quantifies the light fuel oil in the charge. Average boiling point Average boiling point of the FCC feed depends on the average molecular weight. An increase in average boiling point and molecular weight will typically cause the following; The charge will crack more readily, so at constant reactor temperature conversion will increase At constant conversion, yield of C4 and lighter will decrease Olefinic content of the product will decrease Regenerator temperature will tend to rise At constant conversion, the gasoline yield will increase about 1% for an increase in the molecular weight of 20. Carbon residue The carbon residue of a feedstock is an indirect measure of its coke producing nature. Values may be determined by either Conradson or Ramsbottom methods. The carbon residue can be a useful number for determining possible contamination in storage. Entrainment in vacuum tower is a common cause of increased carbon residue. Colour may be used to approximately evaluate the carbon content of the feedstock. Darker stocks tend to have higher carbon residues. Metals Organometallic compounds in the FCC feed can cause serious overcracking if the metals deposit on the catalyst. The cleanliness of a chargestock is given by a metals factor: Fm = Fe + V + 10 (Ni + Cu) (3.3) Where: Fm = Metals Factor Fe = Iron concentration V = Vanadium concentration Ni = Nickel concentration Cu = Copper concentration All metal concentrations are ppm by weight in the feed. A factor of 1.0 is considered safe, over 3.0 indicate a danger of poisoning of catalyst. Sulfur, Nitrogen, Oxygen Sulfur is as undesirable in FCC feed as it is in the feed to most of the refining units, causing corrosion of the equipment and increased difficulty in treating products. At 50% conversion about 35% sulfur charged is converted to H2S, and at 70% conversion the figure will rise to 50%. Nitrogen produces NH3 and CN- in the reactors, and NOx and trace quantities of NH3 in the regenerator. These NH3 and CN- cause plugging and corrosion, while the NOx and NH3 in the flue gas cause environmental problems. Gas oil will absorb oxygen in storage unless the tanks are gas blanketed. This oxygen will combine with the compounds in the oil at about 450oF to form gum, which fouls heat exchangers. FCC REACTION CHEMISTRY Cracking reactions are predominantly catalytic, but some non-selective thermal cracking reactions do take place. The two processes proceed via different chemistry. The occurrence of both the reactions is confirmed by distribution of products. Catalytic cracking proceeds mainly via carbenium ion intermediates. There are three dominant reactions in cracking are catalytic cracking, isomerization, hydrogen transfer. The idealized reaction classes are tabled below with specific reactions to support them. (Table: 1 idealized reactions of importance in FCCU) Reaction classes Specific reactions Cracking n-C10H22 n-C7H16 + C3H6 ; 1-C8H16 2C4H8 Hydrogen transfer 4C6H12 3C6H14 + C6H6 ; cyclo-C6H12 + 3 1-C5H10 3n-C5H12 + C6H6 Isomerization 1-C4H8 trans-2-C4H8 ; n-C6H10 iso-C4H10 ; o-C6H4(CH3)2 m- C6H4(CH3)2 Transalkylation C6H6 + m- C6H4(CH3)2 2C6H5CH3 Cyclization 1-C7H14 CH3-cyclo-C6H11 Dealkylation Iso-C3H7-C6H5 C6H6 + C3H6 Dehydrogenation n-C6H14 1-C6H12 + H2 Polymerization 3C2H4 1-C6H12 Paraffin alkylation 1-C4H8 + iso-C4H10 iso-C8H18 Some of the reactions are endothermic in nature and some are exothermic in nature. Each reaction has a heat of reaction associated with it. The overall heat of reaction is the combination of both the types of heat of reactions. Though there are a number of exothermic reactions, then also the net reaction is endothermic. It is apparent that the type and magnitude of reactions have an impact on the heat balance of the unit. If the catalyst is with less hydrogen transfer characteristics, it will cause the net heat of reaction to be more endothermic. This in turn results in higher catalyst circulation and possibly a higher coke yield to maintain the heat balance. FCC UNIT MATERIAL BALANCE For this, a complete set of commercial plant data is used. The data is given in subsequent tables below; FEEDSTOCK (Table: 2 Properties of feed components) Feed Unit Hydrotreated VGO Un-hydrotreated VGO Light Coker Naphtha Quantity,TMTPA 3200 800 170 % of total feed wt% 76.74 19.18 4.08 Density @ 15oC gm/cc 0.894 0.932 0.6762 CCR wt% 0.1 1.2 Sulfur wt% 0.1 3.32 0.434 Hydrogen content wt% 13 Ni + V wppm 1 6.38 Nitrogen wppm 500 1594 30 ASTM Distillation, vol.% D-1160, oC D-1160, oC D-86, oC IBP 366 349 36 5 374 379 10 385 394 43 30 420 435 49 50 443 468 57 70 485 508 65 90 545 556 75 95 576 573 FBP 620 609 86 Bromine no. 107.86 Paraffins vol.% 46.7 Olefins vol.% 43.38 Naphthenes vol.% 7.25 Aromatics vol.% 2.68 RON, clear 79.4 Diene value 5.31 WATSON K 12.436 MW 82.001 PRODUCT YIELDS (Table: 3- product yields, Ex-reactor and Perfect fractionator basis) Products wt % Weight (lbs. /hr.) H2S 0.39 4309 Hydrogen 0.041 606 Methane 1.06 11710 Ethane 1.54 17010 ethylene 1.76 19442 Dry gas 4.401 48768 Propane 2.86 31592 Propylene 9.66 106708 n-butane 1.69 18668 i-butane 5.52 60976 butenes 7.47 82516 LPG 27.2 300460 LCN 14.50 160174 MCN 23.40 257978 HCN 3.90 43082 LCO 16.45 181713 CLO 4.75 153347 COKE 5.01 - OPERATING CONDITIONS (Table: 4- Operating conditions for the Unit) Riser-Reactor Unit Value Fresh heavy feed rate (VGO) m3/hr. 533.4 Fresh light feed rate (Coker naphtha) m3/hr. 30.2 CLO recycle m3/hr. 46 Riser top temperature oC 540 Riser top pressure Kg/cm2 1.5 Feed preheat temperature oC 350 Regenerator Air to regenerator (dry basis) Nm3/hr. 310717 Regenerator pressure Kg/cm2 1.9 Dense bed temperature oC 640 Dilute bed temperature oC 654 Flue gas temperature oC 657 Blower discharge temperature oC 226 Stripper Stripping steam rate Kg/hr. 5000 Stripping steam temperature oC 290 Stripping steam pressure Kg/cm2 10.5 Base temperature oC 0 Ambient temperature oC 35 Flue gas composition MW= 30.6 O2 vol. % 2.49 CO vol. % 0.005 CO2 vol. % 15.58 N2 vol. % 81.83 SO2 vol. % 0.085 SO3 vol. % 0.01 Now using the above data, amount of oxygen that was consumed by burning the hydrogen in coke is estimated. All the gas calculations are based upon 100 moles of flue gas. The oxygen consumed for H2O is given by the expression; O2 consumed = * (vol. % of N2 in flue gas) 2 * (vol. % of O2 in flue gas) 2 * (vol. % of CO2 in flue gas) (vol. % of CO in flue gas) (5.1) So, O2 consumed = * (81.83) 2 * (2.49) 2 * (15.58) (0.005) = 7.36 The weight of the hydrogen and carbon in the coke are calculated; Weight = 2.016 * (7.36) + 12.01 * (15.58+0.005) = 202.01 The temperature differentials are calculated; (oF basis) ΆTRR = (Regenerator dense bed temperature Riser outlet temperature) (5.2) = 1184 1004 ΆTRR = 180 ΆTRB = (Regenerator fluegas temperature Blower discharge temperature) (5.3) = 1215 439 ΆTRB = 776 ΆTRS = (Riser outlet temperature Stripping steam temperature) (5.4) = 1004 554 ΆTRS = 450 The weight combined feed ratio is calculated as; (Flow rate)CLO * (Density)CLO * 2.204 CFR = (5.5) (Flow rate)Fresh feed * (density)fresh feed * 2.204 = CFR = 0.074 The stripping steam and inert gases carried to the reactor by the regenerated catalyst are calculated on a weight per pound fresh feed basis; Steam = (5.6) Steam = 0.01 Inert gases = (5.7) Inert gases = 0.007 The amount of hydrogen in the coke is calculated as; Hydrogen in Coke, wt % = [2.016 * 7.36 / 202.01] * 100 % = 7.35 wt. % The air to coke ratio is; Air to coke, wt/wt = (2897/202.01) * (81.83/79) Air to coke, wt/wt = 14.85 lbs air / lb coke Where; 2897 is the molecular weight of air multiplied by 100 (basis of 100 moles of flue gas) The weight of coke per hour may be calculated as; Weight of coke, lbs/hr. = (4591) * 193.23 / 14.85 = 59738.6 lbs/hr. Where; (310717 Nm3/hr. = 5178.62 Nm3/min. = 193.23 MSCFM 4591 = air rate conversion factor from MSCFM to lbs/hr.) So, weight % of coke is then; wt. % coke = * 100% = (59738.6 / 1104941.7) * 100 % wt. % coke = 5.41 In the product yield table, the coke wt. % is indicted as 5.01 wt%. But it is calculated as 5.41 wt. %. Now the overall weight balance is as follows; OVERALL WEIGHT BALANCE INPUT:- = Fresh feed + Coker naphtha + CLO recycle = {(533.4 * 0.8 * 894 * 2.204) + (533.4 * 0.2 * 932 * 2.204)} + (30.2 * 676.2 * 2.204) + (46 * 808 * 2.204) = 1186860.1 lbs. / hr. OUTPUT:- = Total product yields + coke = 1149831 + 59738.6 = 1209569.6 lbs. / hr. So, error in weight balance is calculated as; = INPUT OUTPUT = (1186860.1 1209596.6) lbs. / hr. = 22736.5 lbs. / hr. = 1.88 wt. % = 98.12 % closure Now combustion heat of coke is determined as follows; (at hottest temperature = flue gas temperature = 1215oF) ΆHcomb = [(X) (vol. % of CO in flue gas) + (Y) (vol. % of CO2 in flue gas) + (Z) (vol. % of O2 consumed)] / (weight if hydrogen and carbon in coke) (5.8) = [(48000) * (0.005) + (169743) * (15.58) + (106472) * (7.36)] / 202.01 ΆHcomb = 16971.8 Btu / lb coke Where; X = heat of combustion of CO at 1215oF Y = heat of combustion of CO2 at 1215oF Z = heat of combustion of H2O at 1215oF There is correction factor for the hydrogen in coke, this is given as; Correction factor, C = 1133 (134.6) (wt. % hydrogen) (5.9) = 1133 (134.6) (7.35) = 143.7 The net heat of combustion after using the correction factor is; -ΆHC = 16971.8 + 143.7 Btu / lb coke -ΆHC = 17115.5 Btu / lb coke At this point the reactor and regenerator heat balances are calculated. The catalyst supplies the heat to the reactor. The regenerator heat balance is calculated first using a basis of one pound of coke at the hottest regenerator temperature. The reactor heat balance is based on one pound of fresh feed. HEAT BALANCE REGENERATOR HEAT (Figure: 2- Regenerator heat In Out scheme) HEATREG = ΆHCOMB. ΆHCOKE ΆHAIR ΆHRADIATION LOSS (6.1) Now, ΆHCOKE = heat required to raise coke to combustion temperature = (0.4) * (ΆTRR) (6.2) ΆHAIR = heat required to raise air to combustion temperature = (lb air / lb coke) * (0.26) * (ΆTRB) (6.3) ΆHRADIATION LOSS = 250 Btu / lb coke So, HEATREG = 17115.5 {(0.4) * (180)} {(14.85) * (0.26) * (776)} 250 HEATREGHEATREG = 13797.4 Btu / lb coke -ΆHCSo, regenerator efficiency = *100% (6.4) = 80.6 REACTOR HEAT (Figure: 3- Reactor heat In Out scheme) HEATRX = ΆHFRESH FEED + ΆHRECYCLE + ΆHSTRIPPING STEAM + ΆHREACTION + ΆHRADIATION LOSS + ΆHINERTS (6.5) ΆHFRESH FEED, ΆHRECYCLE = heat required to raise fresh feed recycle to reactor temperature ΆHSTRIPPING STEAM = heat required to raise steam to reactor temperature = ΆTRS * (0.485) * (lb steam / lb fresh feed) (6.6) ΆHRADIATION LOSS = 2 Btu / lb fresh feed ΆHINERTS = heat of inert gases carried from regenerator to reactor by regenerated catalyst = ΆTRR * (-0.275) * (lb inerts / lb fresh feed) (6.7) HEATRX = (enthalpy of fresh feed at riser outlet temperature enthalpy of fresh feed at preheat temperature) + CFR (enthalpy of recycle feed at riser outlet temperature enthalpy of recycle feed) + ΆTRS * (0.485) * (lb steam / lb fresh feed) + 2 Btu / lb fresh feed + ΆTRR * (-0.275) * (lb inerts / lb fresh feed) + ΆHREACTION = (745 460) + 0.074 * (745 460) + 450 * (0.485) * 0.01 + 2 + 180 * (-0.275) * 0.007 + ΆHREACTION HEATRX = 310 + ΆHREACTION Note:- Enthalpies for the fresh feed and the recycle feed were calculated by taking respective UOP K values, oAPIs and the temperatures from the API technical data book. Regenerator heat is calculated on a one lb of coke basis. This can be converted to one lb of fresh feed by use of weight % of coke term. So, HEATRX = HEATREG () (6.8) ΆHREACTION + HEATRX = HEATREG () + ΆHREACTION (6.9) ΆHREACTION = HEATREG () + ΆHREACTION + HEATRX (6.10) But HEATRX = + ΆHREACTION Putting this relation in equation (6.10), the equation changes to ΆHREACTION = HEATREG () ΆHREACTION = 13797.4 * 310 ΆHREACTION = 436.44 Btu / lb fresh feed So, HEATRX = 310 + 436.44 HEATRX = 746.44 Btu / lb fresh feed (0.275) (ΆTRR)Cat / Oil (wt. / wt.) = HEATRX (6.11) Cat / Oil (wt. / wt.) = 15 lb Catalyst / lb Oil Catalyst circulation rate = (Cat / Oil) * (lb fresh feed / hr.) (6.12) = 15 * 1104941.8 CCR = 16574127 lbs. / hr. = 7524 MT/ hr. Overall heat flow scheme for the whole FCCU can be shown as below; (Figure: 4- Typical FCCU heat balance scheme) Now, the net total endothermic heat of reaction is calculated through empirical formulae. But we took the assumption as the riser is an isothermal one. Practically it is not isothermal. The temperature at the base of the riser is higher than what is at the top of the riser or at the riser outlet. This is because the cracking reactions occurring along the length of the riser is endothermic in nature. So heat is being absorbed during the reaction and causes the temperature at that particular location to decrease. Gradually the temperature decreases and at the riser outlet the temperature is dropped significantly. In this context we can estimate the riser base temperature using empirical relations and therefore can estimate the drop in temperature at the next differential element up in the riser [DNS]. But before this a multi-lumped model is to be considered along with possible reaction schemes and there kinetic parameters. SEVEN LUMP KINETIC MODEL For this purpose a seven lump kinetic model proposed by Mehran Heydari et al. (2010) is used. They divided the model into seven lumps namely; VGO/Coker Naphtha, Clarified Oil, Light Cycle Oil, gasoline (LCN, MCN, and HCN), LPG, Dry gas and Coke. The schematic flow diagram is as follows; (Figure: 5- Seven lump kinetic model in FCCU) In order to develop a mathematical model for this particular system, certain assumptions has to be taken, they are as follows; The riser is an one dimensional ideal plug flow reactor with no radial and axial dispersion Reactor is an adiabatic riser Feed viscosity and heat capacities of all components are constant Fluid flow is not affected by the coke deposition on the catalyst Feed is vaporized instantaneously in the riser entrance All cracking reactions are taking place in the riser The model considers seven lumps and eighteen reactions and eighteen kinetic constants. Molecular weights of different lumps and boiling ranges are given [DNS] in the table below; (Table: 5- molecular weights and boiling ranges of lumps) j Lump Molecular weight (Kg/ Kmol) Boiling range (oC) 1 VGO 418.7 349 620 2 CLO 291 232 -567 3 LCO 226 170 392 4 GASOLINE 114 30 228 5 LPG 65 6 DRY GAS 30 7 COKE 12 Values of kinetic constants and activation energies along with heat of reactions for each reaction are given in the table below ([DNS], [Mehran Heydari], [Praveen ch. shishir sinha]); (Table: 6- reaction schemes with kinetic parameters) Reactions Rate constants (m3/ kg cat. hr.) Activation energy (KJ/Kmol) Heat of reaction (KJ/Kg) VGO CLO 14.93 50.73 45.821 VGO LCO 5.78 50.73 79.213 VGO GASOLINE 11.69 50.73 92.335 VGO LPG 3.59 16.15 159.315 VGO DRYGAS 0.35 16.15 159.315 VGO COKE 11.55 16.15 159.315 CLO LCO 5.78 50.73 56.314 CLO GASOLINE 0.94 46.24 128.571 CLO LPG 0.135 59.75 455.185 CLO DRYGAS 0.0135 59.75 455.185 CLO COKE 0.3272 59.75 455.185 LCO GASOLINE 0.5742 46.24 93.030 LCO LPG 0.0086 59.75 704.93 LCO DRYGAS 0.0009 59.75 704.93 LCO COKE 0.0596 59.75 704.93 GASOLINE LPG 0.0003 78.49 372.10 GASO DRYGAS 0.0001 78.49 372.10 LPG DRYGAS 0.0033 59.75 32.30 The riser model is assumed to be a two phase model

Book Reviewwho fights who cares :: Essays Papers

Book Reviewwho fights who cares The book was based on a wide range of contributions, written and verbal, and has been edited together by Alex de Waal. He does not represent any of the views of any individual or government. The book â€Å"Who Fights Who Cares† is a very interesting book. The focus of the book is mainly towards the continent of Africa. Just about every thing that has to do with blacks in Africa will in some way effect African Americans. The book is broken up in to little sections in each chapter. The book talks about the sixteen countries in central Africa. The book breaks down everything that is corrupt in Africa that has to do with blacks. The first main section in the book talks about why is there war in Africa. There has been many wars in Africa sense the 1970’s. In the 90’s alone there was something like twelve wars in Africa. Many of the wars had been going on for years about the same thing. In Africa they also have wars called the â€Å"war next door† meaning that an ongoing conflict in going on during the war. This is what happens in the first part of the book. The next main section in the book talks about Improvements in military interventions. The people in Africa are saying that they need the unity of command for an effective intervention. They are also saying that if the military in each country were stronger then civilians would not die. The book also says â€Å"interventions troops should have public relation officers and humanitarian sections in each part of Africa†. A non- neutral humanitarian assistance is the conclusion to the book. Many

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays

Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him. Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings :: Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Essays Reality and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Literally, â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† is a story about a Colombian family visited by a mysterious man with wings.   The townspeople pay to visit this man who is encaged in a chicken coop.   Once the townsfolk loose interest, the chicken coop collapses and the man flies away.   A closer reading of the text reveals underlying themes.   The supernatural being is a representation of the unknown.   He stands out from the rest of civilization.   Society likes to think of itself as being open-minded.   The people in the story did not want to believe that the man was an angel because then they would have to reconsider everything they believe in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Angels are commonly thought of to be elegant, beautiful creatures usually wearing white with a spiritual presence, not disease infested beings who wallow in their own filth.   This allegory makes you question your own perception of what angels look like.   We do not know for sure that all angles are not old men with few teeth who reek of squalor.   We do not have any tried and true methods of determining the validity of an angel.   The priest tested the man by speaking to him in Latin, the language of God, and by looking for a navel or a miracle.   Even though the â€Å"angel† did not pass any of the tests, the people in the story believe that the old man must be a celestial being because there are no other feasible possibilities to his identity.   The author stresses the fact that humans thought this man with wings was an odd creature that should be on display for the world to see and abuse like a caged animal.   Human ignorance causes uncivilized b ehavior.   Many people would be reluctant to place a being that fit into our definition of an angel into a chicken coop.   If this in all actuality had been a real angel, then the townsfolk approached the situation inappropriately.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important point that this story addresses is how we treat other people, especially those who are different from us.   This demonstrates just how ignorant and cruel some people can be.   When the old man was first seen, Peyalo ran away from the man, leaving him lying in the mud instead of helping him.   Not a one cared where he came from or why he was there for any other reason than to acquire money off of him.

Essay --

This book honestly kind of is kind of weird. The reason behind this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at one point where one point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are another in time and in another setting. Basically the first part of the novel is talking about how fond good got the idea of writing this book that we are about to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a prisoner of war. We realize that it's taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the imagery that he can't seem to portray his writing. Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his dad dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before he is captured, he experiences what he calls â€Å"time shifting† and he sees his entire life from beginning to end, all in one big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prisoners of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses. Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the allies carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fire's that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The only way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very different kind of author and it's hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldn't want to read another one of his books. 19. As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is â€Å"so it goes†. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we can't do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death. If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I think you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems that's just the way life Essay -- This book honestly kind of is kind of weird. The reason behind this is the fact that the novel is really instable and its theme and setting, because at one point where one point in time in a certain setting, and it literally the blink of an eye you are another in time and in another setting. Basically the first part of the novel is talking about how fond good got the idea of writing this book that we are about to read. And it talks about his education and his time in Dresden as a prisoner of war. We realize that it's taken him long time to come up with this book because of all of the imagery that he can't seem to portray his writing. Spurts I missed of the story is Billy Pilgrim, here is an optometrist who was later drafted into world war two. Before Billy shipped overseas, his dad dies in a hunting accident. He begins his war career in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium, where he is immediately taken prisoner behind German lines. Just before he is captured, he experiences what he calls â€Å"time shifting† and he sees his entire life from beginning to end, all in one big sweep. The lead is then sent through aware railway car to a prisoner of war camp in Germany. Billy has a breakdown and is sent into his time shifting again. He and the other prisoners of war are sent to the city of Dresden, and their Presentment is one of the former slaughterhouses. Then the firestorm of Dresden begins when the allies carpet bomb the city of Dresden with incendiary bombs. This caused most buildings to be caught on fire and all of the oxygen sucked out into the fire's that were blazing. This caused about 130,000 people to be suffocated to death. The only way that Billy and the other prisoners of war survived is by hiding in an airtight meat locker i... ...p of what I was reading. He is a very different kind of author and it's hard to explain but I just really feel like I wouldn't want to read another one of his books. 19. As I stressed throughout these multiple questions I feel like the most important phrase that he has said in the book is â€Å"so it goes†. The reason why I feel as if it is most important is because it explains his life out of how dying is a fact of life and we can't do anything to stop it. This really asked the entire gloominess of the novel because we realize his indifference to death. If I had to make a T-shirt slogan for this book I think you have to be 99 problems but, so it goes. My reason behind this is that there is a popular song out there were talks about he has 99 problems but a cheating girlfriend is not one of them, I added the fact that even if you have 99 problems that's just the way life

Murdock and Talcott Parsons Views on Family

Murdock- George Peter Murdock  (1949) wanted to know if the family was not just cultural but universal (he claimed that it was universal). * Common residence * Economic co-operation * Adults including both sexes * At least two have socially approved sex * One or more children * Biological or adopted This he thought was the  universal minimum. Which adults had sexual relations depended on the  culture. He believed the nuclear family was the universal core of the world's large variety of kinship systems. From this a  family could be extended  vertically (with upper generations) or horizontally (with brothers and sisters of those with offspring).A criticism of Murdock was that to claim something is universal, it only needs one exception to falsify it. Kathleen Gough falsified Murdock’s theory with her study of the Nayar Women of India. Before reaching puberty, Nayar women in India were married to a man according to the Talikettukalydnam rite. This three days of actual o r mock defloration might be their last living contact. From then on, as â€Å"mother†, each woman would take up to 12 sandbanham husbands, who visited her one at a time at night. A man could have an unlimited number of wives.The woman kept her room in the house, and it was first come, first served to supper and bed, so a man too late would sleep on the verandah of the house. So women getting pregnant could have any one of up to 12 as the father. So one of them of equal sub-caste (social class) declared as the father (whether he was or not) and gave a present of cloth and/ | | Clearly women getting pregnant could have  any one of up to 12 as the father. So  one of them  of equal sub-caste declared as the father (whether he was or not) and gave  a present of cloth and/ or vegetables to the attending midwife.A frequent visitor might send luxuries at festivals. That was it. The men weremercenary warriors  and gave  no attention to raising children  or staying with t he woman. | Support for the women instead came from  brothers, sisters, and children of the sisters and daughters. The matrilineal family provided all her essentials. The  eldest male was leader of each kin group. So the women lived not in families, but in kinship groups (mothers, sisters and brothers), and she had her place for sexual activity with the men over which she had considerable personal cotrol.Descent was down the stable female line in terms of charting the source of children, given that any man could be the father. | The important point here is that:| * There was  no economic unit  regarding husbands and wives. * There was  no sharing of the residence  between husbands and wives. * Only the  women within their supporting kinship groups lived with children. * Any relationship affection from the man  was taboo  and resisted by the kinship group. | There are two possibilities here, then, regarding Murdock and his definition of the family. It is  too narr ow, or * It is  not universal. It is the  single parent family, especially female-headed, that is the  most direct criticism  of Murdock. Yet this is a minority, and the family may at least have begun as a two sex nuclear family and, furthermore, the nuclear family is preferred by him. The  nuclear family may simply function better as a family  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but this is unproven. Nevertheless there are varieties of arrangements for raising children that  stretch Murdock's definition to breaking point. TALCOTT PARSONS-The pre-industrial society is pictured as one where people are divided into kinship groups called lineages each of which is held to be descended from a common ancestor. Another form of family in pre-industrial society is found in traditional peasant societies such as the Irish farming community studied by C. M. Arensberg and S. T. Kimball in their work Family and Community in Ireland. This traditional Irish family is a patriarchal extended family. It is also pa trilineal since property is passed from father to son. According to Talcott Parsons the isolated nuclear family is the typical form in modern industrial society.It is isolated from the extended family, and there is a breakdown of kinship. The development of the isolated nuclear family is, in his opinion, the product of a process of structural differentiation – the process by which social institutions become more and more specialized in the functions they perform. The isolated nuclear family is functionally necessary and contributes to the integration and harmony of the social and economic system as a whole. The family needs to be isolated because of its functional role in ascribing status. Status in industrial society as a whole is achieved and not ascribed.However, within the nuclear family status is ascribed rather than achieved, thus reversing the pattern that exists outside the family. What this means is that within the family the father has status as the father, whilst o utside the family his status might be very different. His achieved status economically does not affect his status as a father. However, if the family was extended then a conflict could arise. Another way of putting this is that the family ascribes particularistic values whilst society ascribes universalistic values.The conflict between the two sets of values is minimized by the isolation of the nuclear family. William Goode in World Revolution and the Family also argues that industrialization undermines the existence of the extended family. He claims this is because (a) movements of individuals between different regions; (b) higher levels of social mobility; (c) the erosion of the functions of the family, these being taken over by external organizations such as schools, businesses and the state; (d) the greater significance of achieved status undermining the value of status within the family and in kinship groups.According to Goode members of a family engage in role bargaining. What this means is that they will maintain kinship relationships if such relationships bring them rewards commensurate to their efforts to maintain them. In fact, developments in communication and transport make it feasible to maintain kinship relationships, but in practice modern industrial society means that individuals gain more by rejecting kinship relationships than by maintaining them.He supports this point by noting how extended family patterns are more frequent among members of the upper classes since for individuals in the family maintaining family connections can bring economic benefits. The main Functionalist theorists of the family are G P Murdock and Talcott Parsons. Murdock argued on the basis of his studies that the nuclear family was a universal social institution and that it existed universally because it fulfilled four basic functions for society : the sexual, reproductive, economic and education functions.Other non-Functionalist sociologists have argued, however, that the existence of the Nayar, the single matrifocal families common among Afr0 Caribbeans and increasingly common more generally and the small number of gay and lesbian families are suggest that the nuclear family is not in fact universal. The Functionalist perspective on the family has been further developed by Talcott Parsons whose theories focus heavily on nuclear, heterosexual families to the exclusion of other family forms.The main aspects of Parsons' theory as developed in the USA in the 1950s were as follows: 1. industrialisation led to the gradual replacement of extended families by nuclear families because industrialisation demands greater geographical and social mobility; 2. industrialisation leads also to processes of structural differentiation which implies that new more specialised social institutions such as factories, schools and hospitals develop to take over some of the functions previously performed by families; 3. his means therefore that the nuclear family loses s ome of its functions but it remains crucial in relation to the two functions which it does retain: the socialisation of the young and the stabilisation of adult personalities; 4. within nuclear families roles are allocated between husbands and wives in accordance with the assumed instrumental characteristics of males[ which makes them more suited to paid employment outside of the home] and the assumed expressive characteristics of females [which makes them more suited to childcare and domestic work. Ronald Fletcher also analyses the family from a Functionalist perspective but he denies that the modern nuclear family has lost functions to the extent suggested by Talcott Parsons. Thus Fletcher argues that even if the family is no longer a unit of production , it is a unit of consumption which can be appealed to by advertisers keen to sell a wide range of household appliances so as to maintain profits.Also parents do supplement school education by providing advice and help more effecti vely than in the past; greater understanding of diet and exercise may mean that the family can play a greater role in health maintenance; and also given the limitations of the Welfare State, the family, and especially women within the family may continue to play a major role in the care of elderly relatives some of whom may not wish to enter old peoples homes. The Community Care initiatives of Conservative Governments [1979-97] may have increased family responsibilities in this respect. * Marxism and The FamilyThe main elements of the Marxist approach to the analysis of the family may be listed as follows. 1. Whereas according to Functionalists the socialisation process as it operates within the family (and elsewhere)   is seen as encouraging conformity with desirable norms and values which contribute to overall social stability, according to Marxists the socialisation process in the family and elsewhere results in the transmission of a ruling class ideology whereby individuals ar e deceived into accepting the capitalist system and the dominance of the capitalist class more or less without question.Especially children are encouraged to accept parental authority more or less without question in the family which prepares them to accept authority more or less without question in the work place in later life. 2. The growth of the home centred privatised family encourages concentration on family concerns, relatively orthodox interests and relatively, moderate mainstream political views at the expense of wider   loyalty to ones work mates   and more active and radical engagement with political issues which thereby reduces the likelihood of meaningful political action to challenge the capitalist system. . Insofar as the family operates as a unit of consumption it can be targeted by advertisers to encourage the increasing purchase of goods and services upon which the continuing profitability of capitalist industries depends. 4. It has been argued by some Feminist s in criticism of Marxism that it concentrates excessively on    exploitation of the working class and not enough on the exploitation of women. 5. However Marxist Feminists do give more attention to the exploitation of women within the family.For example   the family produces labour at low cost to the capitalist system in that wives are not paid directly for bearing the children or for their upkeep. 6. Also wives also provide a range of services for their husbands at far less than their market value. If wives were paid fair wages for all of these services, employed husbands would also have to be paid much more which would reduce the profitability of capitalism. 7. Wives may also absorb the frustrations of their husbands which otherwise might be turned against the capitalist system.Marxists argue that it is the frustrations of working in the capitalist system which are the main, even if indirect cause of domestic violence. 8. Since many women see themselves as mainly housewives i f they are actually in paid employment and become unemployed they are often more prepared to return to their housewife role without criticism. According to Marxists they are a part of a Reserve Army of Labour which can be hired when demand for goods and services is high   and work is plentiful but dismissed relatively easily when economies fall into economic recession.The capitalist system is strengthened by this flexibility to hire and dismiss workers as economic circumstances change. * Structural  Functionalism, Marxism, â€Å"the† Family and Socialisation: An Exercise Let us use the following exercise to illustrate the differing approaches of Structural Functionalists and Marxists to the socialisation process as it operates in the family. [a] According to Structural Functionalists capitalism   is: democratic, economically efficient, unequal but fair and meritocratic.Because the capitalist system works well in the interests of all of its members there will limited con flict in society and a consensus that the capitalist system is working well and should be continued in the future. To promote the continuation of capitalism individuals will be socialised in the family and elsewhere to accept norms and values which will promote the continued existence of capitalism which , as stated is beneficial to all. b] According to Marxists capitalism   is   : dominated both economically   by the Bourgeoisie and at the expense of the exploited proletariat; grossly unequal as a result of which many members of the proletariat live a rotten existence with little chance to develop their potential; dominated politically by the Bourgeoisie whose political influence is hidden by the â€Å"sham institutions of a pretend democracy†.In such a situation you might expect the Proletariat to rise up in revolt but they do not do so partly because they are socialised to accept not a set of norms and values   which operates to their own advantage but a ruling cla ss ideology which is a set of ideas which prevents the proletariat from realising the causes of their exploitation and encourages them to accept the very capitalist system which is actually the source of their discontents. Assignment:   Complete the following table. [The sections marked ** are already â€Å"complete† although you might like to extend them further. Aspects of Family Socialisation| Implications for Individual and Society| For Talcott Parsons the key functions of the nuclear family are the socialisation of the young and the stabilisation of adult personalities. Children are socialised to accept the authority of the parents and to accept the key values and norms of their society. | For Functionalists this means that children begin to learn that legitimate authority should be accepted in school and workplace which will enhance learning capacity and economic efficiency.Marxists believe that when children are socialised to accept authority this can have adverse co nsequences for the individual in later life because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | The Functionalist Talcott Parsons argues that in the 1950s and 1960s the core values of US society are beliefs in meritocracy and individual achievement so that career progress is possible if sufficient efforts are made: this is the so-called â€Å"American Dream. † Children are socialised within the family to accept these values| For Functionalists such values are functional for the system [i. e. ontribute to the stability of the system] because†¦. For Marxists it is quite simply a myth that US society is organised on meritocratic principles but belief in the myth inhibits criticism of the system. Also preoccupation with one's own achievements detracts from consideration of the direction which society as a whole is taking. | The above point may be taken to imply that children will also be socialised to believe in the necessity of a competitive spirit and to measure their progress and even their happines s in terms of their income, wealth and possessions. For Functionalists such attitudes are beneficial because  Marxists are critical of such attitudes because| **  Children may be socialised to accept that family loyalties are more important than loyalties to other groups   i. e. they are socialised to believe that â€Å"blood is thicker than water† or that â€Å"charity begins at home. â€Å"| For Functionalists such values strengthen the family and help it to fulfil its functions. For Marxists family solidarity may weaken social class solidarity and /or dissuade children from consideration of wider issues related to the inequities of capitalism. According to Parsons traditional gender roles are appropriate because they are in accordance with the â€Å"instrumental† characteristics of men and   the â€Å"expressive† characteristics of females. Children are socialised in various ways to accept these traditional gender roles. Note that Feminist sociologi sts[ including Marxist Feminists} are especially critical of the Functionalist analysis of gender roles. | For Functionalists this is beneficial for the individuals concerned and for the society as a whole because†¦Marxists and Feminists are critical of the Functionalist approach to gender roles socialisation because†¦.. | Children may be socialised to accept the general political attitudes of their parents which are often [but not always] likely to involve some support for existing liberal democratic institutions, voting for one of the main political parties and a general absence of political radicalism| For Functionalists such political views are beneficial because†¦ Marxists are critical of such political attitudes because†¦ | **  The Family and the stabilisation of adult personalities. Functionalists argue that men and women can lead happy and fulfilling lives as a result of the deep personal relationships which are forged within families and, in addition,à ‚   family life helps to remove some of the tensions which arise out of work conditions and relationships. Marxists agree that family life can be happy and fulfilling but they emphasise that capitalism results in exploitation and alienation which are likely to create tensions within many families. Although in some cases family life can make capitalism bearable , only the ending of capitalism can result in human emancipation. |