Tool for Orientation for Four Generations Essay Example for Free

Tool for Orientation for Four Generations Essay In the current clinical setting, it is often common to find that evidence-based practice (EBP) is not being implemented. There are a number of causative factors that can be attributed to this observation. Some analysts have suggested that personal differences may be hindering implementation of EBP. It is therefore important to look into the validity of this factor with special emphasis given to age differences in the clinical setting. The question to be considered is whether or not there is an evidence-based tool available to meet the needs of all four generations of learners. The EBT tool needs to implement clinical references and other reviews as well as a case by case analysis over past and present generations to help form a small basis for future generational use of the EBT tool. In forming continually controlled studies one would be able to obtain current and ongoing evidentiary guideliens in which to more accurately determine the generational differences to determine if there is in fact any influences of with utilizing the use of EBT. Population of Interest In order to foster a productive and feasible atmosphere in clinical practice, it is imperative for members of the organization to appreciate and respect differences among the generations. This means that gender, racial and ethnic backgrounds need to be understood and accepted. The latter categories of diversity have been discussed at length in nursing practice and most people understand them well. On the other hand, the issue of intergenerational differences also can be problematic if nurses do not understand it properly. In order to place this matter in context, it is essential to review the historical background of these different generations. The population of interest includes four distinct generations (Cordinez, 2002). There are basically four generations that may be found within the clinical situation; these are Veterans (born between 1922 and 1945), Baby Boomers (born between 1945 – 1960), Generation X (born between 1960 – 1980), and lastly the Millennial Generation (Born after 1980). All these generations underwent different experiences that subsequently shaped their respective professional and personal values. The performance value of each of these generations differ. For example, it is well known that the Baby Boomers generation was much ado about peace and the different associated behaviors related to drug and alcohol use, thus inhibiting their generation compared to the more productive performance of the later generations. The first generation under consideration is the Veteran generation born during the Great Depression and the Second World War. This generation grew up under tough times but during their adulthood, the country’s economy began flourishing. Because of these matters, The Veteran Generation realized that hard work can be rewarded and that authority ought to be respected. Therefore, it can be said that the values most revered by this generation are authority, loyalty, and respect. The second generation of nurses in the field today is the Baby Boom generation. Members of this group were born during a time of economic prosperity that was still characterized by some traditional values. This generation grew up around two-parent households in which one parent was the breadwinner. However, there were still a number of issues confronting them. They began challenging status quo and did not respect authority. According to Baby Boomers, real heroes are those ones with the courage to change the system. This generation had a lot room for growth within the nursing profession owing to the fact that economic times were relatively good. This generation is not typically conversant with technology. Intervention EBP implementation in most health institutions is a recent development. Since the population of interest is multigenerational, it is imperative to find out whether their generational background could have led to learning differences within the EBT tool. In order to attribute the lack of implementation of EBP to this issue, it is essential to eliminate other causative factors. Problems causing the potential failure to learn may be unique to each generation. It is important to design a nursing orientation program that empowers all generations of learners to implement evidence-based practice. Comparison of interest After examination of the historical backgrounds of these groups, one can now understand the differences between the groups may be influenced by their past. Two of the four generations of nurses have different perspectives on authority, workplace structures, technology, and evidence based practice (Spitzer, 2001). This can be a problem because organizations have changed dramatically over the past few years. Most health institutions now respect team-based approaches requiring individuals from different organizational levels to work together. This challenges traditional organizational structures in which the older generation was highly respected. The current view is to utilize evidence-based practice. Further contradicting the education of the older generation, the advent of technology has flipped organizational relationships. Baby boomers who had grown up with a deep respect for authority now highly depend on younger nurses to explain to them the essentials of computer technology. This has created renewed tensions between the generations. Despite the dramatic change in organizational structures, nurse’s mental attitudes still remain relatively stagnant and this has hampered implementation of evidence-based practice. Some nurses have failed to recognize where behavior patterns originate from and thus misunderstand colleagues from other generations. For instance, Baby Boomers usually think of Generation Xers as being highly unreliable or disloyal. On the other hand, the latter generation regards Baby Boomers tendency to remain with one employer as a failure to cease new opportunities. There are different work relations approaches between the generations. Outcomes Evidence-based practice in most health institutions may not be properly implemented because a substantial number of clinics fail to prepare their nurses through practical training. This means that nurses may be aware of the concept through the literature but do not have the ability to implement it in practice. Implementing this as a required teaching throughout all the health profession will enable nurses to be able to have additional tools available so that they may have more information in which to perform their duties better. In other health institutions, nurses lack infrastructural support from hospital administrations accustomed to conventional methods. Such administrations fail to shift their clinical practice making it difficult for particular nurses to do the same. EBP is failing due to lack of proper orientation in these health institutions. Nurses lack a straight-forward way in which they can carry it out within a certain clinical setting. Consequently, the methods may end up failing. There is little literature to link EBP with diversity issues let alone generational differences (Hicks Hicks, 1999). Conclusion In order for health organizations to flourish, there is a need to acknowledge differences between various generations of nurses. However, when it comes to evidence-based practice, other issues take greater precedence over generation differences. Instead, clinics need to look for ways in which they can boost administrative support, offer proper orientation and training to nurses. Personally, as nurse liaison for new employees, I am empowered to make changes by collecting and making available comprehensive, ongoing, and readily accessible EBP information needed to provide optimal care. At the very least, I can assist in providing staff with an orientation tool which incorporates the EBP process to insure and promote positive outcomes. References Cordinez, J. (2002). Recruitment, retention and management of generation X. Health Care Management Journal, 47, 4, 237-249. Hicks, R. Hicks, K. (1999). Boomers, Xers and other strangers Location: New York: Harper Collins. Raines, C. (2003). Connecting generations. CA: Crisp Publishers. Spitzer, R. (2001). A new world and new generation to come: Seminars for Nurse Managers, 9. 1367. The problem of interest in PICO question format. (5 points) 4/5 Presented a question, but did not identify PICO components. I DON’T KNOW WHAT THESE COMPONENTS ARE AND ALSO DID NOT ADDRESS THE OTHER TWO GENERATIONS COMMENTED ON BY YOUR INSTRUCTOR AS I DID NOT KNOW WHERE YOU WANTED TO GO WITH THAT. 1. A brief description of the patient population/disease, intervention, comparison, and outcome. (10 points) 9/10 Presented thorough description of two generations. What about the remaining two generations? If they are being excluded, tell the reader the rationale for this decision. Also, the outcome you intend to achieve is increased use of EBP. That was not clearly articulated in the outcomes section.

A Study On Agricultural Biotechnology Education Essay

A Study On Agricultural Biotechnology Education Essay For the past 10,000 years humans associated with domesticate plants, selecting seeds of favoured forms, pick out unwanted types to produce each following generation. Plants constitute the main food resource for humans and animals. So it is necessary to improve crop quality and yield to feed the hunger world. Today this came to a big problem due to environmental damages and population explosion [1]. There has been a drastic increase in population ever since and it is around 6.5 billion in the starting of 2010. Each year millions of people are dying due to starvation and nutritional deficiencies. So many Asian and African countries are not getting the benefits of the green revolution and gene revolution. The polluted agricultural lands and the consequences of global warming affected the agricultural production. The yield lost in each year due to pests, insects and diseases is around 30% of the total production [2, 3]. So biotechnology promises to reduce the world hunger by creating new array of transgenic plants which are resistant to pests and diseases and provide more nutrition [3]. The food and agricultural organization (FAO) recognized that the genetic engineering has the ability to increase the agricultural production. Biotechnology offers a wide range of environmental benefits such as reduce pollution, development of perfect crops which has higher nutrition, reduced or nil pesticides, resistance to insects, more yield etc.[4]. The transformation of agriculture started during the end of first half of twentieth century and it referred as Green revolution. The green revolution started in 1945 during this time Mexico imported wheat. After this Mexican government started working on the agricultural techniques. In 1964 they exported half million tons of wheat, the modern biotechnological techniques made Mexicans foot stable and this is also happened in so many other countries [5]. The green revolution decreased the world poverty in some extent. Now undeveloped countries need more applications of biotechnology, countries like India and China are still researching on new technologies but in the developed European countries are avoiding these techniques and considering as unnatural [3]. During the twentieth century conversional method produced and producing so many hybrids, which can provide more yield, stability of harvesting and farm income. But these conversional techniques dont preserve the gene pool. In the last 20 years biotechnology developed more and discovered new techniques for the stability and production. In animal biotechnology bovine somatatropin (BST) used to increase the milk production. In plant biotechnology so many new techniques arrived [5]. Conversional agricultural techniques are associated with modern genetic engineering. The plant tissue culture is the one of the major contribution of biotechnology in plant breeding. Via tissue culture we will able to produce many copies from a single plant part within a short time. The meristem culture will able to produce virus free plants. The plant tissue culture method helped for the conservation of so many medicinal plants. Another application of tissue culture is the selection of somoclonal variants with improved virus resistance [6]. The new molecular DNA technologies modify plants in different ways. Molecular level studies helped to produce agriculturally important virus resistant and virus free plants [7]. The cloning methods also gave a new phase to biotechnology. The new technologies in cloning help to prevent plant disease by deactivating the gene action. The findings suggest that the genetically modified micro organisms have the capacity to prevent the disease caused by the pathogens [7]. The genetic engineering methods are also employed in various animal species. Now it is possible to create animals with useful dairy product, meet, or fibre production. Most of the animal based experiments are primarily introduced in mouse and drosophila. Now these have been extended to the domestic farm animals. Genetic engineering is mainly used for the manipulation of fertilised egg and utters and manipulation of sperm and embryonic tissue. This facilitates the introduction of novel genes to the animals and provides more yield. Transgenic poultries, pig, sheep and cow are the examples for transgenic animals [8, 9]. The ability to alter the genome of animals by gene transfer is the major achievement of biotechnology. The animals having altered are known as transgenic animals. The transgenic animals are created by the introduction of small piece of known DNA in to the embryos. This will help the rapid introduction of new genes in to the livestock without any cross breeding [8] Transgenic methodology has so many potential advantages. The practical applications in livestocks are improved milk production and composition, increased growth rate. It is important that the production capability of transgenic animals realised only when their true genital potential is attained. The molecular study of Agrobacterium tumefaciens helped to produce transgenic plants. Using this technique many important genes were transferred to plants and it helped to get the high yield [10]. The different tools of genetic engineering made the gene transfer uncomplicated and plant manipulation easier. Gene banks and DNA libraries helped for the conservation and selection of variety of genes which facilitate special characters. Different microbes were used as vectors for the gene transfer [11]. In advanced industrial countries conventional agriculture system is following for the production. This allows the wide knowledge about the production techniques to grow crops, livestock and poultry. This method also helps to reduce the production cost and provide more yield to farmers [12]. There are some environmental problems associated with conventional agriculture method, but now they are trying to solve by using genetic engineering by the development of new methods for the diffusion of disease, insect resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. And also biotechnology is working on to produce bio pesticides [12]. The environmental problems created by the chemical substance such as pesticides, herbicides, hormones and insecticides which used in the modern farming leads to the new thoughts in the production of bio pesticides and genetically modified plants. But their productions are restricted and under control. According to US food, agriculture and trade act in 1990 it should; (a) satisfy food and fibre needs of humans, (b) enhance the quality of the environment and natural resources depends on the agriculture economy, (c) efficient use of non renewable resource and on farm resource, (d) sustain the economic viability of farm operations and (e) enhance the quality of life for the farmers and the society as a whole [13]. The modern agricultural biotechnology focusing on genetically modified crops. So many researches are currently undergoing based on this. The genetically modified foods are the products of transgenic plants. These plants contains one or more genes from the another organism which is transferred by genetic engineering technologies [14]. According to Huttner et al biotechnology is being used in almost food production system, and it offers more opportunities in agriculture than medicine [4]. Apart from the food production biotechnology has been used to for the plant breeding and disease resistant. Most advanced commercially available plasticised are biotech products. The problem of pesticides is the introduction of super weeds and it will be difficult to control [2]. Genetically modified organisms are also used to control the pest and insects. Introduction of Bt-genes is the one of them and 17% of the total globally planted crops are Bt crops and its amount is very high in US. It is found that about 80% of the biotechnology researches are focused on non food based agricultural products such as cotton, tobacco, ornamental plants and medicinal plants [4]. It is found that use of biotech plants can reduce the plowing for control the weeds and this will lead to reduced use of diesel and decrease the pollution. This is also better for conservation of soil and water; reduce soil erosion and soil composition. The survey shows that the use of biotech crops saved around 441 million gallon of fuel which may result in the elimination of 10 billion pound carbon dioxide and this elimination is equal to removal of four million cars from the road. Thus the biotech crops has significant role in reducing the environmental pollution associated with agriculture production [2]. The genetically modified crops such as corn, soybean, and cotton are used for feeding livestock. The GM crops were introduced 15 years ago. GM crops indicate the genetic modification of plants to make it resistant to biotic stresses provide more yield. The main biotic stresses are pest and pathogens. Each year these factors reduce around 30% of the yield and in developing countries this may be higher due to climatic conditions. Weeds in the field compete with the crops for their nutrition and it will affect the yield. For this reason new GM crops were introduced to resist them. To avoid the insect attack and reduce the chemical insecticides GM technology introduced insect resistant plant. It is also help to reduce the environmental pollution [15]. In 2007- 90% of the agriculture area planted GM crops in six countries of north and south America and it is around 80% is in US, Brazil and Argentina. But in India and china they planted less than 3% only. But in the 27 countries of European Union they planted only 0.21% GM crops [16]. Present agricultural biotechnology status in Asia is amazing. Several Asian countries are currently following the uses of biotechnology in agriculture. The Chinese government gives high priority to biotechnology for improving food production and its quality in environmentally sustainable method. They are adopting the new genetic engineering methods for the crop production. Chinese introduced and planted new verities of wheat, rice, tomato, pepper, potato, papaya and tobacco and these crops are resistant to pest, herbicides and diseases. They approved around 50 verities of GM plants in last years. India government is supporting the development of infrastructures in biotechnology. In 1980 they formed Department of biotechnology to promote the advantages of biotechnology in agriculture and medicine. The RD of India developing a new generation of citrus, coffee, mangrove, and vanilla. The organisations in India such as M S Swaminathan research foundation have developed bio-village for th e growth of new incoming technologies in agriculture [17] The Indonesian government has developed three National biotechnology centers to coordinate R D in agriculture and medicine. In 1985 Pakistan started crop improvement using modern biotechnology. Now they are mainly concentrated on the improvement of rice and cotton. Philippines started the use of modern biotechnology by the creation of national institute of molecular biology and biotechnology. There also an increased use of modern biotechnology started in Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, Sri lanka and Vietnam. There are so many international agricultural research centres for the development of the new crops. International agricultural research canter (IARCs), international rice research institute (IRRI) are some of them [17]. Every technology can bring benefits and risks. This is also happened in the case of biotechnology. The risk of agricultural biotechnology got more publicity even biotechnology is also been used as a part of medicine and industry. The introduction of GMO has created a lot of controversy even it is not used for the production wide range of products. Then also the GMO technology is using widely. The argument is mainly focused on the herbicide and insecticide resistant plants which are more beneficial for farmers, seed producers and chemical companies. The insecticide resistant plants guaranteed 100% success, but in case the partial dosage in some insects may results in the formation of new mutants which will able to resist particular dosage. The pollination between the GM crops and wild crops may lead to the arrival of new genera, and wild verities may disappear from the environment. The introduction of antibiotic marker gene may result in the gene transfer. It is also noted that in the meat industry the routine feeding of animals lead to the high levels of antibiotics on them. It is observed that currently the biotechnology applications does not cause any harm to environment. But on the other hand it is worried about the GMO. The increased use of GMO may lead to higher amount of pesticide residues, genetic pollution, damage to beneficial insects, creation of super weeds and super pests, mutant viruses and bacteria [17, 12, 18, 4]. The 21st century being known as the century of biology and biology based industries promises to be powerful tools for the economy. It will become more powerful in industrialised countries and might be challenged by developing countries. Advanced biotechnology will revolutionise the agriculture and food industry. It is expecting that the consequences of genomics in the bio industry will be under control and biotechnology can reduce the world hunger in future. REFERENCES [1] Dominique Job, plant biotechnology in agriculture, Laboratoire mixte CNRS/INRA/Bayer CropScience (UMR 1932), Bayer CropScience, 14-20, rue Pierre-Baizet, 69269, Lyon cedex 9, France [2] www.bio.org, agricultural biotechnology- delivering benefits to farmers consumers and the environment. [3] www.cei.org, agricultural biotechnology [4] Jeremy Hall, Sarah Crowther, Biotechnology: the ultimate cleaner production technology, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RF, UK [5] Norman E. Borlaug, the green revolution revisited and the road ahead Nobel peace prize lecture [6] Low cost opening for tissue culture technology in developing countries. Proceedings of a Technical Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture [7] Graham S. Warren, Pious Thomas, Maria-Teresa Herrera, S.J. Lindsey Hilland Robert F. Terry .The use of plant cell cultures for studying virus resistance, and enhancing the production of virus-resistant and virus-free plants, 26-30 ,August 1991 [8] http://www.bio.org/foodag/animals/biotechanimalagoverview_ip.pdf [9] http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10418page=34 [10] K.P pauls, plant biotechnology for crop improvement Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2JV1 [11] http://www.scitopics.com/Advances_in_plant_genetic_engineering.html [12] Thomas A. Lyson, Advanced agriculture technologies and sustainable agriculture, TRENDS in biotechnology, vol.20, May 2002 [13] Biotechnology Information Center, National Agricultural Library,Beltsville, Maryland USA, http://www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Bibliographies/ sustain.ag [14] http://www.greenpeace.org.uk [15] Environmental impact of genetically modified crops Ferry. N, Gatehouse A.M.R, Newcastle University, UK [16] http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/food-sovereignty/2009/gmcrops2009full.pdf [17] Agricultural biotechnology, poverty reduction and food security , Published and printed by the Asian Development Bank ,P.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines [18] Christine McCollum, PhD, Charles Benbrook, PhD, Lori Knowles, llb, bcl, ma, llm, Susan Roberts, jd, ms, rd, ld Application of Modern Biotechnology to Food and Agriculture: Food Systems Perspective

A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology Essay

A Report On Race And Ethnicity Sociology Essay Racism and Ethnicity are two well known subjects in the academic world. Although not a popular choice of study Racism and Ethnicity can be found in Multicultural education, Sociology, Economics, to name just a few. Although used in the same way, Racism and Ethnicity are very different. The purpose of this essay is to define and provide examples of racism, institutional racism, and individual racism. I will also focus on the impacts that these forms of racism have on those who are on the receiving end of racism. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines racism in two meanings: One, â€Å"the belief that there are characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to each race† and two, â€Å"discrimination against or antagonism towards other races†. Ethnicity on the other hand has three meanings: One, â€Å"relating to a group of people having a common national or cultural tradition† two, â€Å"referring to origin by birth than by present nationality: ethnic Albanians 3. â€Å"relating to a non-Western cultural tradition: ethnic music. (Oxford Dictionary: rev 2009). The word â€Å"race† has been around for several hundreds of years. At first it was used to describe an extended family through the generations, then as times passed it referred to large groups of people that were not family yet shared the same cultural practices and traditions, values and demographic location. When the Europeans made contact with people outside their homeland (America, Asia and Oceania) they would put people into categories that would show differences between their culture and those who were â€Å"new† to them. These categories according to Pearson were what Banton (a writer on Evolution) called â€Å"Selectionist theories of evolution†. (Pearson:1990). Banton argued that a persons â€Å"physical appearance (phenotype) and/or inbuilt genetic makeup (genotype) explained human thought and action (Pearson: 1990) and it was then acceptable for people to define people on a â€Å"scale of attributes, from inferior to superior, from primitive to superior† (Pearson: 1990) all of which has made many a scientist question the world and how it is breaking up people into different races. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a hierarchy was formed where those who were black (dark skinned) would be at the bottom and those who were white (fair skinned) wee at the top. Those who had dark skin were considered less educated or uneducated, simple people who were best suited to jobs that involved physical and manual labour. A white person, notably a white male middle class male, had intelligence, held down a job in managerial role and was financially far better of than those of dark skin. This was known as â€Å"racial essence, to determine the abilities of a person or a group† (Study Guide: Unit 6). By the mid twentieth century, the study of genetics was becoming a turning point in humanity. Rather than focussing on a persons skin colour, it became more acceptable that having good access to food, education, clean water, and healthcare contributed to the development in human beings. Pearson (1990), argued ethnicity is â€Å"what people do† (Study Guide: U nit 6) and demonstrated this by quoting a set of definitions by Anthony Smith with reference to ethnic communities. Ethnic communities have: a â€Å"collective name a â€Å"common myth of decent† a â€Å"distinctive shared culture† â€Å"an association with a specific territory† and a â€Å"sense of solidarity† This is defined in Pearsons article as an ethnic community â€Å"as a named human population with shared ancestry, myths, histories, and cultures having an association with a specific terroritory and a sense of solidarity† (Pearson: 1990). Institutional racism focuses on a group of people who are often more â€Å"dominant† than other groups and choose to criticise another group for being like second class citizens in particular â€Å"radically inferior† (Pearson:1990) that allow a more dominant group to dictate to the less off group â€Å"where they live, what language they speak, what school they attend, what job they acquire, how they are treated by the police and the courts, how they are portrayed by the media, and what form of political and legal representation they have to recourse to† (Pearson: 1990). Thus, those who are part of the more dominant group can dictate how the less dominant group can be used and have the racist beliefs and actions placed upon them. An example of instutional racism is prominent where there are often two or more different ethnicities. In South Africa for example, â€Å"judicial rules and regulations discriminating against black persons are a clear case point (Pear son: 1990). In New Zealand however, there is no such thing as discriminatory legislation and policies and practices are usually unintentional than discriminating towards one another. Individual racism on the other hand is more personal and is targeted at individuals rather than a group of people. Also known as personal racism, Brislin identifies four types of individual racism: 1. Intense racism â€Å"the belief that certain people are inferior, and hence are perceived as being of low worth. 2. Symbolic racism- Dominant groups â€Å"feel the the out group is interfering with important aspects of the culture- creating problems†. 3. Tokenism- Dominant groups prove that they have engaged in â€Å"token activities to prove that they have even handed the treatment of other races†. 4. Arms length- People engaging â€Å"in friendly positive behaviours towards out group members in some social settings but treat them the same out group members with noticeably less warmth and friendliness in other settings†. Brislin(2000). Kenan Malik argued that individual racism â€Å"imprisons those who are subjected to it while strengthening Western cultures†. Orientalism, which Malik quotes is a â€Å"dualism between the east and the west and the Orient and has helped to define ‘other â€Å"which people can see is different and excluded in race relationships. In summary I have defined and provide some examples of racism and ethnicity and outlined the concepts of institutional racism and individual racism. By focussing on these examples we can be sure that racism affects people either as a nation or are subjects of individual attacks. By being aware of these prejudices, it is important to understand that we should not feel more superior to one another just because of the colour of someone elses skin. Racism is in many parts of the world and although it appears for many reasons, it should be addressed so not to damage a particular culture or a persons identity.

A Good Man Is Hard To Find Essay -- essays research papers fc

Flannery O'Connor's short story collection A Good Man is Hard to Find has many elements of a southern gothic work. Images of ancient castles with sliding panels create suspicious themes and settings that lead the readers into the dark and gloomy world of the southern United States. With all of the violence, horror, and dismal surroundings presented in O'Connor's stories there is too a moral message given. Later gothic work did not always explain horror like this, holding little moral value to contrast their grotesque images (notes, November 1). O'Connor's stories do include a strong moral element, frequently in the form of religious explanations. The characters within A Good Man is Hard to Find are usually ignorant and self-satisfying people, who come across "the grotesque" and are shocked into self-realization, no longer self-satisfied. These grotesque elements are usually the divine in disguise forcing the characters into introspection. In a letter Flannery O'Connor wrote she stated: "You have found Christ when you are concerned with other people's suffering and not your own." In this quotation we can see the moral message O'Connor was attempting to convey in her stories, and through further analysis of the work this fact can be more clearly illustrated. In the first story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, O'Connor's moral message is clearly presented. The grandmother protagonist in the story is very self-serving. She demands constant attention (although rarely getting it) and stubborn in the fact that her wishes must be carried out. She only wants to go to Tennessee to see old connections (O'Connor, pg. 1). The grandmother cannot move away from past and is at the same time confused by accuracy of past events. On the trip a road stop seems very suggestive of a hellish place: barbecue fires, Red Sammy, etc (O'Connor, pg. 6). The grandmother's lack of character judging is pointed out in this scene. She believes that Red Sammy is a good man because he relates to her old fashioned values (she thinks). Sammy is surprised at this and exclaims, "Yes'm, I suppose so," his unsureness makes the reader question Sammy's character. What is more telling is what the waitress says while bringing the food: "It isn't a soul in this green world of God's that you can trust†¦ I don't co... ...ot helping the needy, greed, dishonesty)? By finally accepting the priests company after becoming bed ridden we can infer that Mrs. McIntyre has indeed been changed by what the displaced person has taught her and is more willing to accept her past deeds and be forgiven for them. As we can see O'Connor's moral message of religion leading people's concerns away from self-suffering is quite prevalent in most of the stories in A Good Man is Hard to Find. By analyzing stories such as A Good Man is Hard to Find, The Displaced Person, The Artificial Nigger, and Good Country People we can see the representation of religion hidden behind grotesque elements that force the characters towards introspection and change. These interpretations can be taken further as a possible comment of American culture showing sometimes a horrible apocalyptic vision. O'Connor's moral lessons seem to be telling us that by finding Christ we may overcome these grotesque elements and become stronger people who, through the grace of God, care more for the people around us than our selfish wants. Bibliography 1. O'Connor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1976

The Oppression of Miranda in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

The Oppression of Miranda   in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda's schooling in The Tempest shows the audience the conflicting arrangement white women in the Shakespearean drama as well as Shakespearean times are forced to act within.   Paul Brown points out that "the discourse of sexuality†¦offers the crucial nexus for the various domains of colonialist discourse" (208) and the conduct in Prospero manipulates his followers' sexuality is the mainstay of his power.   The Miranda-Prospero relationship servers to represent a sort of patriarchy, which is unarguably the system many Renaissance women and women of Shakespeare's time found themselves in.   It is thus unsurprising that Prospero controls Miranda and her sexuality as well.   The system of patriarchy is demonstratd again and again throughout the play.   For example, we see that Prospero's wisdom, magic, and education of Miranda, as well as his civilizing of Caliban demonstrates a system of authoritative love. There is no question that Prospero loves and wishes to protect his daughter; for example, Prospero continuously reiterates how much he cares for Miranda.   However, at the same time, he exhibits enough power over her to be considered a patriarch.   Prospero's authority over Miranda is so great that she cannot do anything but follow her father's wishes; it almost appears as if she has no choice in the matter for she, like Ariel and Caliban, can also be subject to Prospero's magical control.   However, it appears that upon a closer study of this, we see that, patriarchalism makes specific, and often apparently contradictory demands of its "own" women, which can often cause confusion and problems for the woman involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda, as a character in Renaissanc... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospero: Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thy father was Duke of Milan and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A prince of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda: Sir, are not you my father?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospero: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And princess no worse issued. Works Cited Brown, Paul.   This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine: The Tempest and the  discourse of colonialism."   New York: Dollimore and Sinfield, 1985.   Kermode, Jack.   Political Shakespeaere: New Essays in Cultural Materialism.   Boston:  Manchester University Press, 1985. Lamming, George.   The Pleasures of Exile.   London: Allison and Busby, 1984. Mies, Maria.   Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale.   London: Zed Books,  1986. The Oppression of Miranda in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays The Oppression of Miranda   in The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda's schooling in The Tempest shows the audience the conflicting arrangement white women in the Shakespearean drama as well as Shakespearean times are forced to act within.   Paul Brown points out that "the discourse of sexuality†¦offers the crucial nexus for the various domains of colonialist discourse" (208) and the conduct in Prospero manipulates his followers' sexuality is the mainstay of his power.   The Miranda-Prospero relationship servers to represent a sort of patriarchy, which is unarguably the system many Renaissance women and women of Shakespeare's time found themselves in.   It is thus unsurprising that Prospero controls Miranda and her sexuality as well.   The system of patriarchy is demonstratd again and again throughout the play.   For example, we see that Prospero's wisdom, magic, and education of Miranda, as well as his civilizing of Caliban demonstrates a system of authoritative love. There is no question that Prospero loves and wishes to protect his daughter; for example, Prospero continuously reiterates how much he cares for Miranda.   However, at the same time, he exhibits enough power over her to be considered a patriarch.   Prospero's authority over Miranda is so great that she cannot do anything but follow her father's wishes; it almost appears as if she has no choice in the matter for she, like Ariel and Caliban, can also be subject to Prospero's magical control.   However, it appears that upon a closer study of this, we see that, patriarchalism makes specific, and often apparently contradictory demands of its "own" women, which can often cause confusion and problems for the woman involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda, as a character in Renaissanc... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospero: Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thy father was Duke of Milan and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A prince of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miranda: Sir, are not you my father?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospero: Thy mother was a piece of virtue, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She said thou wast my daughter; and thy father   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Was Duke of Milan, and his only heir   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And princess no worse issued. Works Cited Brown, Paul.   This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine: The Tempest and the  discourse of colonialism."   New York: Dollimore and Sinfield, 1985.   Kermode, Jack.   Political Shakespeaere: New Essays in Cultural Materialism.   Boston:  Manchester University Press, 1985. Lamming, George.   The Pleasures of Exile.   London: Allison and Busby, 1984. Mies, Maria.   Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale.   London: Zed Books,  1986.

Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector

GENDER EQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UGANDA’S WATER SECTOR. By Nandala Mike([email  protected] com) 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Essence of Gender, Gender Equality and the Environment Gender refers to the different roles, rights and responsibilities of men and women and the relationships between them, their qualities, behaviours, and identities which are determined through the process of socialisation to define their relationships with each other and with their environment.Gender equality on the other hand is a principle that equates men and women before and under the law; men and women have equal dignity (worthiness); and have equal opportunities in economic, political, cultural and social life. It is upon this background that the relationships and rights enjoyed by men and women foster decision making and activities that in turn have been affected in both the management and sustainability of the environment. It has been observed that there is an undesirable imbalanc e that has existed between men and women resulting in inadequate performance of the letter of their roles.Often this has slowed down development initiatives leading to adverse effects on the environment. 1. 2 Significancy of Water in Social and Economic Development Water is a key strategic resource, vital for sustaining life, promoting development and maintaining the environment. Access to clean and safe water and improved sanitation facilities and practices are pre-requisites to a health/population and therefore have a direct impact on the quality of life and productivity of the population.Besides domestic water supply, water is also vital for: Livestock Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Hydropower generation, Agriculture, Marine Transport, Fisheries, Waste Discharge, Tourism, and Environmental Conservation. Water, therefore, significantly contributes to the national socio-economic development and also poverty eradication (UNWD, 2005) Water is thus an integral part of the natu ral resources protected under the Uganda Constitution. 1. 3Government Committement.Over the last two decades, government has committed itself to the implementation of public sector reforms meant to ensure sustainable development, through legislative and policy frameworks anchored on three key policies, namely: Decentralisation, Privatisation and Divestiture; and the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), These were intended to reduce the burden of the nation’s concern for income generating resources and practices. The PEAP was prepared in 1997 in a move to eradicate poverty as an overall national planning framework.It has since been revised through 2007/8 and based on five pillars, namely; (1) Economic management; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good governance and (5) Human development (PEAP 2004/5-2007/8) Water and sanitation are some of the central elements under pillar one intended to i mprove the quality of life of the poor through human development. The second pillar points out a strategy to foster production, incomes and competitiveness through water consumption and production.It also addresses actions to empower and strengthen women’s gender awareness and furthermore points out inadequacies aimed at capacity building in the application of skills, limited choice in the decisions about the nature of services received and needed by women, less efforts in community gender awareness campaigns, weaknesses among decision makers including support in supervision and monitoring thus leading to reasons for low gender responsiveness in the water sector. Which way forward?With this background, this Article addresses key policy and legal frame works in the water sector, gender and environmental impact assessment of water resources which have been developed and supported by various laws, sector performance, integration of gender into environment and sustainable develop ment, issues of particular concern, and recommendations. 2. 0Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks 2. 1Policy The policy objectives of the Government of Uganda for the Water and Sanitation sector are at two levels: first, the domestic consumption and secondly, water for production.At the domestic level, the objective is to provide sustainable safe water and hygienic sanitation facilities, within easy reach, based on management responsibility and ownership by users, to 77% of the population in rural areas and 100% in urban areas by year 2015. Concerning water for production, the aim is to promote development of water supply for agricultural production in order to modernise agriculture and mitigate effects of climatic variations on rain fed agriculture (MWLE, 1999).In essence, the overall policy objective is to manage and develop the water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure and provide adequate quantity and quality of water for all social and economic needs of the present and future generations. The Government aims at full participation of all stakeholders with an 80-90% target for effective use and functionality of facilities. Other policy measures have also been put in place by the Environment and Natural Resources Sector Working Group which commissioned a study on the use of economic instruments for environmental management.Curbing water pollution was a key implementation factor for environmental sustainability. In 1998, the government introduced a water waste discharge fee ranging from 0 to 13 million Ugandan shillings ($0 to $7,000) in proportion to the biological oxygen demand load. The fees were meant to encourage investment in less polluting technologies. The legislation required that companies register for discharge permits before dumping industrial waste water. 2. 2Legal FrameworkThe major Instruments relevant to the Water Sector that provide the enabling legal framework for the water resources management and development in Uganda include: the Constitution, which provides the broad legal and policy framework within which all water sector legislation, policies and development plans are developed; the National Environment Act,(1995), it provides the framework for coordinated and sound management of the environment including environmental impact assessment of water resources related projects and setting water quality and effluent standards; the Local Government Act, which provides for the decentralisation of functions, powers, responsibilities and services to Local Governments; Uganda Water Action Plan (1995); the Water Resources Regulations and Waste Water Discharge Regulations (1998), providing for the regulation of water abstraction and waste water discharge through the use of permits; the National Water Policy (1999), indicating the policy framework for water resources management and development in Uganda. Other related legal policies include the National Gender Policy (1997) ; Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) and ; Water and Sanitation Gender Strategy (2003-2008). The policies and legal framework outlined above, are forward-looking in intention, for socio-economic, development strategies of the Government of Uganda and have supported various reforms in the water sector which has enabled government, to put in good order and rationalise the country’s resource utilisation. The question is, are these policies fully implemented? What is the implementation stand at local government and community levels?There are challenges regarding definition of roles and responsibilities, capacity and coordination of men and women, as well as collaboration for improved performance especially at government and community levels (MWLE, 2005). There is also need to review some provisions of the laws to incorporate regulatory functions and allow equal participation of men and women, in the water sector. (1)Institutional and Implementation Framework The water sector i s structured at three distinct levels namely: (a) the national, (b) decentralised or local government level and (c) the micro or user level. (a)National level At the national level, a Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (MWLE) was created in 1996 following Government restructuring of line Ministries.This institution is charged with overall responsibility for initiating national policies and setting national standards and priorities for water development and management. Two national institutions are under this Ministry: The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and Directorate of Water Development (DWD). At implementation level, the Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group (WSSWG) which is under the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) provides policy and technical guidance for sector development in the country; approves all sector programmes, including work-plans and budgets. The sector comprises representatives from ; Development Partners and Non-Governmental Orga nisations and Government.The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), was established in 1972 with responsibility to deliver water supply and sewerage services in 15 urban centres serving 2. 1 million people. These centres are Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja /Njeru, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, Gulu, Lira, Arua, Masaka, Mbarara, Fort Portal, Kasese, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Kabale. The Directorate of Water Development is the leading water sector agency responsible for policy guidance, setting standards, co-ordinating and monitoring, sector reporting, and undertaking sector relevant research and development. DWD is also responsible for managing water resources including provision of oversight and support services to the local governments and other water supply service providers. DWD, 1991-2001 ) Other national level institutions that play important roles in the Water and Sanitation sector include Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), responsible for the mobilisation and allocation of financial resources including co-ordination of donor inputs and the privatization process; Ministry of Health (MOH), for promotion of hygiene and household sanitation; Ministry of Education and Sports(MoE), charged with promotion of sanitation and hygiene education in schools; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of all agriculture development in the country including irrigation development, aquaculture, and livestock development ; Ministry of Gender and Social Development, which addresses gender responsive development and community mobilisation; and NGOs working in the sector. (b)District level The District and Local Government levels as a whole, are responsible for the provision and management of water and sanitation services in rural areas and urban areas outside the jurisdiction of NWSC, in liaison with DWD. Their functions, responsibilities and powers differ according to the degr ee of decentralization so far implemented for both rural and urban water. Planning, implementation and operational management of water and sanitation activities in major towns remain the function of NWSC. However, of 143 small towns with a population of 1. million, 66 have been gazette as water supply areas, 61 of these have operational piped water supplies and schemes, of which 57 are managed by private sector water operators. Planning and implementation for water supply systems in small towns is still centralized at national level (MWLE 2005). Operation and maintenance is decentralised to the urban authorities and private operators through public-private partnership arrangements. The district water offices operate within the overall framework of the district local councils. The district offices are staffed with a multi- skilled team, in planning, hygiene education and social aspects. The district water team reports to the Works and Technical/Services sub-committees of their respec tive local governments.At county level, technical officers have been posted to facilitate planning and supervision of construction works and overseeing maintenance of installed supplies. The communities are responsible for demanding for, planning, operating and maintaining water and sanitation facilities. (c)The Micro or User level At sub-county level, planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of the rural water and sanitation facilities are organised. These communities are also obliged to pay for urban water and sanitation services provided by NWSC and other service providers. Development of low-cost technology options such as springs, shallow wells, rainwater-harvesting tanks and school latrines are undertaken.The district water office and national level technical teams support the sub-counties to carry out water resources assessment to identify potential areas for water development and sanitation services. The sub-counties assess the demand for water and sanitation s ervices by the communities. This is based on population size and location and functionality of the existing facilities. At community level, the citizens are supposed to participate in the planning, financing, implementation, monitoring and control of community water and sanitation development. Communities submit requests/applications to the sub county for support towards water improvements. These are then forwarded to the district However, the level of community participation is less than the partnership, which it is meant to be.Women who are majority users of Water resources constitute only a handful of people, dominated by men in accessing and managing these resources. The initial programme design and implementation under many previous projects does not fully address gender equity participation. 3. 0Integration of gender into Environment and sustainable development in the water sector In order to avert the rapid degradation of the environment, Uganda developed a National Environme nt Action Plan (NEAP), 1995, that adapted a gender approach in planning the long-term investment of managing the natural resources in the country. The NEAP makes a strong commitment to addressing environment problems and to sustainable development in a comprehensive manner.The plan also argues for participatory approaches to environmental planning and the integration of gender analysis. The Uganda National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is charged with formulating national environment policies and providing guidance in the implementation, including environment impact assessment, and environment education and training in environment management. The main purpose of incorporating gender in the environment management policies was to enable men and women perform their duties in the best cost effective methods which will conserve the environment, accelerate sustainable development that would improve people’s way of living.To achieve the above objectives there was need to f ormulate activities, which would contribute to the integrated promotion of sustainable livelihoods and environmental protection, covering various sectoral interventions involving a range of actors, from decentralised or local government level to lower levels, that are essential at every stage especially at the grassroots levels in the rural areas with special emphasis on the disadvantaged groups like women and youths. 4. 0ISSUES OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 4. 1Equitable access to water supply Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and essential for achieving gender equality and sustainable development. Most households, especially at community levels do not have adequate access to water and the children and especially women, walk long distances to fetch water for domestic use.Water near the home contribute significant improvements in nutrition and health. The carrying of water over long distances is a health hazard. During daily water collection, women and girls face the risk of rape and injuries from attacks. A major issue associated with poor water supply and sanitation is a case with the Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) camps, in Northern Uganda which involves high risks of sexual violence and abuses committed primarily against women and girls, a danger often caused by insufficient water supply and sanitation facilities within the camps which prompt movements to get water from far areas and at homes poor hygienic conditions.Over crowding, poor water pressure and broken water pumps accelerate the crisis (Diane Paul, 2006) Access to fresh water and sanitation therefore, does not only improve the health of a family, but it also provides an opportunity for girls to go to school, and for women to use their time more productively than in fetching water. Women in most cases are primarily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Over the years, women have accumulated an impressive store of env ironmental wisdom, being the ones to find water, to educate children in hygiene matters and to understand the impact of poor sanitation on health and the environment.Very often the decision about location of water sources, types of water sources, and who will maintain the operation of the facilities are made without consulting women resulting in no-one taking responsibility. Men, who mainly dominate the operations and maintenance of facilities in the water sector often do not fully implement decisions and actions thus the need to involve more women. 4. 2Equitable access to land rights and water for productive use Equitable access to water for productive use empowers women and addresses the root causes of gender inequality. Lack of access (ownership) to land, is seen as an underlying cause of women’s limited access to water.In Uganda, women technically have little control and ownership on land under customary law in many of the Uganda ethnic societies statutory (national) law, there is, however, no discrimination. According to MFPED (2006), women own only 7% of the registered land in Uganda, a situation which affects gender mainstreaming in the Water sector, as women lack control over resources and therefore have limited decision making over issues like the silting of water sources, maintenance of broken pumps/taps/damaged bore holes/ water tanks and use of water for production. Land ownership is a precondition for access to water. Thus, land reforms that allocated legal land tenure to the heads of households or permanent agricultural workers (who are generally male) resulted in women losing any legal claim to water.There is need of water for a range of small scale economic enterprises, like: home gardens in peri-urban areas ; growing fruits; poultry farming; preparing food, (which are some times overlooked in agricultural statistics). Overall, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reports an increasing â€Å"feminisation of agriculture† due to wars, pandemics and the exodus of men seeking paid work in urban areas. Also mentioned is the fact that women are heads of an increasing number of rural households in the developing world and find themselves in the position of managing farm land and providing for their families alone, without legal rights to water and land. 4. 3Equity and Participation in the management of resources in the water sector The management of water resources has been mainly male dominated.Men occupy a bigger portion in careers and training in water management than do women. Social barriers tend to restrict women’s participation in public consultations that can influence policies on water at all levels of water management. This prevents women voices from being effectively heard, particularly with respect to their environmental concerns and also results to limited effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene promotion efforts . Usually it is men who make the decisions over water management and sanitation issues and yet it is women who are usually in greater need for sanitation privacy and responsible for water, sanitation and hygiene.It is worth noting that the process of formulating the Water and Sanitation Sub-Sector Strategy (2010/11-2014/15), which began in 2003-2008 (Water Sector Gender Strategy-WSGS,WSGS ), served as the first strategic framework for implementing Uganda’s National Gender Strategy within the powers of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The WSGS I was developed in response to the various international commitments made by the Government of Uganda regarding gender equality and the National Gender Policy (1997). The strategy was aimed at developing and empowering approaches that would enhance gender equity, participation and access to and control of resources in the water sector.The strategy further put emphasis on both internal and external gender mainstreaming including building capacity for gender planning, monitoring and evaluation; strengthening the capacities of partners and executing bodies for mainstreaming; and committing adequate resources for gender related activities. This is an outstanding move with good intentions of formulating gender equity and participation but unless the Ministry of Water and Environment comprehensively and consistently puts focus on gender concerns, gender mainstreaming in the water sector will not penetrate deeply into matters of policy and legislation. 4. 4Issues on Sanitation Sanitation refers to the drainage and disposal of sewage. The need to dispose human excreta appropriately is an environmental and social concern in the country. Ignoring it posses adverse impacts on environment cost and on health.Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and other parasitic infections. These diseases have a big negative impact on the health and nutrition of communities especially the children. A focus on gender difference s is of particular importance with regard to sanitation facilities which needs the attention of women to play crucial roles in influencing the hygiene behaviours of children, and men too can serve as role models in sustaining changes in disposal habits. Hence the success and effective use of water and sanitation facilities largely depend on the involvement of both women and men in selecting the location and technology of such facilities, and taking responsibility for operation and maintenance.Sanitation concerns are mainly emphasized in urban and peri-urban centres and less priotised in the villages or lower communities/households. It is only under the urban and peri-urban strategies that water is directly linked to sanitation. The number of latrines at community level tend to be less as compared to size of the families needed to access them. Latrines are usually household initiatives sometimes rudimentary in nature. The water sector supply systems are relatively well developed and have mechanisms for delivery whenever necessary as compared to sanitation mostly at community level. There seems to be no well-developed mechanism for sanitation service delivery even at household level. Investment in water supply is highly priotised than sanitation.The reasons why sanitation prioritisation is not key in the water and sanitation sector is because of the difficulty of estimating the sanitation measures especially for rural sanitation where the latrines are merely rudimental with varying degrees of safety which makes it difficult to tag costs of improvements, rehabilitation or construction of such facilities including lack of political commitment to sanitation. It was therefore easy to omit household sanitation and concentrate on institutional sanitation (MWLE 2005). 5. 0Linkages OF GENDER EQUITY with PEAP Goals Gender mainstreaming and improved access to water supply has two potential benefits; improved service delivery and health. Gender equity in the sector offers better services in the management and maintenance while water-born diseases are important issues of the disease burden in Uganda.The sector goals are in line with PEAP goals as well as the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). For example, the goals aim at the importance of gender in areas of agricultural production, legal discrimination and wood fuel, shortage of sustainable safe water supply and sanitation facilities, based on management responsibility and ownership by the users. It furthermore mentions inadequacies realised in the capacity to apply gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance in decision making and weak support in monitoring and supervision of sector activities as the reasons for low gender responsiveness. 6. 0Implementation ChallengesThe Poverty Eradication Action Plan identifies the importance of gender mainstreaming in all interventions which include policy planning, formulation, guiding public actions to eradic ate poverty and points out inadequacies in applying gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance among decision makers and weak support in supervision and monitoring. However, the importance of gender equity is not emphasised in the water and sanitation sector major implementation polices. Focus is targeted on poverty alleviation as an overall concern than gender. This limits coverage on gender issues and implementation. The insurgency in some northeast parts of the country and most especially northern Uganda, not only delays implementation, but also contributes to destruction of existing facilities. This contributes to delays in achieving the targets and the goals of the sector and PEAP.Community gender involvement, while it is a good input for environmental sustainability, remains difficult to attain. Attempts have been made to involve the men and women in planning ,maintenance of water and sanitation facilities . The methodologie s require a lot of skills and patience, qualities that are still lacking among the sub-county level civil servants. Women and the youth involvement remains limited as no major efforts have been made to involve them in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 7. 0The way forward The paper has identified some challenges in transforming the water sector to achieve effective and sustainable services for both men and women.Issues concerning gender and their roles in development process and thus environment have not been given adequate attention by development planners. Women are now viewed as a useful resource to be integrated into development process, thus rendering the projects more efficient and successful. What is the way forward for Uganda to ensure that gender issues are mainstreamed in environment and development plans, projects and actions? 8. 0Issues to be addressed (1)Having water points nearer the homestead will reduce the distance women and girls have to walk, thu s allowing time for other activities, including training, childcare, growing food and income generation.The latter could include construction and management of water and sanitation facilities. (2)It is essential that both women and men be involved in decision making processes regarding the provision, location and technology of water and sanitation facilities in the community and household. (3)Government should also address perceived inequalities between women and men through reviewing laws and policies that discriminate against women and also urge Non Government Organisations(NGOs) and the private sector to champion women’s cause, which might increase women access to land and more decision-making powers. (4)Women groups should be accorded recognition as citizens, land holders and contributors to the development process.They need to have secure access to land and water for domestic use, in addition to productive use in farming including small scale industries. (5)Incorporate g ender analysis into all development plans, projects and actions, by encouraging the development of new skills and expertise within an Integrated Water Resources Management framework, linking social and gender aspects with the ecological, technical and economic dimensions of water management with special attention at community level. (6)The water sector should change the attitude of value system in favour of only men, and develop positive perceptions about women as competent professionals just like their male counterparts. 7)Capacity building for all women should be geared towards effective participation in local governances and sustainable development. Women politicians should be strengthened to enable them represent women interests regarding water and sanitation management and maintenance. (8)The water sector should fill all established posts equitably for better performance. It has been found that projects in which women and men have an equal say have a better chance for sustainab ility and success because they cater for the needs of every one. (9)The legislation on industrial water discharge permits be amended to require all companies / major water polluters to register for discharge permits. 10)A specific percentage of investment in water supply should be dedicated to promotion of sanitation and hygiene initiatives for the welfare of the users and protection of the environment. 9. 0Conclusion The water and sanitation sector has developed elaborate mechanisms and capacity at national, district and community levels for planning and managing sector activities which includes gender and environment issues to a large extent. However, in order to address strategic gender needs, there is a need to introduce fundamental changes in ideologies and power structures, behavioral attitudes, in government, organisations, companies and involve individuals both men and women.

Effects of Silane Based QAC on Hygienic Unifrom Fabrics

Consequence OF SILANE BASED QAC ON HYGIENIC UNIFORM FABRICS ; IT’S EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIUM BY BIO-BURDEN Trial Abstraction The demands for unvarying cloths are under different industrial environment, supplying attention, freshness, comfort and protection for the tegument. The survey besides saw types and consequence of bug every bit good as chemicals used to protect the unvarying cloths against their onslaught under the environment of different corporate industries, so they can populate in a more fresh and hygienic ambiance. The intervention withzycrobial( Silane based QAC ) besides improves the antimicrobic consequence of cotton, p/v and p/c cloth measured by BPB discoloration trial compared to untreated cloth.Zycrobialtreated aprons were exposed to different environment and evaluated by bio-burden trial which is new trial method in fabric testing. The treated aprons shows low bacterial tonss in different industrial environment compared to the untreated 1s. Cardinal Footings Uniform cloths, Antibacterial Efficacy, Bio-burden trial, Silane based QAC, Zycrobial, BPB trial. Introduction Fabric consumers all around the universe are now going much more cognizant of the hurtful effects, that microorganism may hold upon fabrics and up on human hygiene. Fabrics are one of the chief bacteriums transporting medium. Textile fibres provide the perfect platform for growing of micro-organisms. Even the different environments ( hot, humid, and cold ) lead to growing of different bacteriums. These bacteria/microbes on fabrics frequently result in staining, decolouring of the cloth and leads to bad smell1-6. In India, the usage of antimicrobic fabrics is become premier necessity due to the worm and humid clime. This is the most suited environment for the growing of micro-organisms. Clothing and fabric stuffs are the bearers of these micro-organisms such as infective bacteriums, odour bring forthing bacteriums and mould fungi, besides become good media for their growing7-10. Microbial infestation airss danger to both life and non life affairs. Obnoxious odor organize the interior garments such as socks, spread of diseases, staining and debasement of fabrics are some of the damaging effects of bad bugs. Though the usage of disinfectants have been known for the decennaries, it is merely in the recent twosome of old ages several efforts have been made on completing fabrics with antimicrobic compounds11-20. Antimicrobial coating is a recent invention in coatings. The consumers are now progressively cognizant of the hygienic life manner and there is a necessity and outlook for a broad scope of fabric merchandises finished with antimicrobic belongingss21-25. This finish prevents the growing of bacteriums and merchandises finished in it have been proved environment friendly and wellness protecting, forestalling diseases. It besides prevents garments from unpleasant smell26-36. Zycrobialis one of the merchandise ofZydex industries.Zycrobialis recollective, non flammable, non leachable, easy to use organo-functional silane based antibacterial. It provides lasting anti-bacterial and anti-odor coating and ensures freshness and comfort for the user. This recollective coating is covalent adhering to hydroxyl group ( in instance of cellulose fiber ) and/or by formation of permeating polymer concatenation around the surface of fibers ( in instance of man-made fiber ) .Zycrobialexpeditiously inhibits growing of bacteriums and thereby protects fabric merchandises from impairment and stain. It is for good fixed to the substrate by proper drying or hardening. It has user-friendly glycol as against methyl alcohol in other similar viing merchandises. It is eco friendly and safe for usage by human existences. The experimental program was based on application ofzycrobial( Antimicrobial agent ) on polyester/viscose, polyester/cotton blend and 100 % cotton cloth by pad–dry-cure method. The treated cloth was check silane based QAC compound presence by BPB ( Bromo Phenol Blue ) trial in footings of alteration in their microbiological activity. The efficaciousness of the intervention was besides evaluated for its efficaciousness against 30 wash harmonizing to the standard method. This omegaycrobialmerchandise was besides applied to industrial apron that is polyester/viscose blend uniform cloth by exhaust method. These aprons were exposed in different environment like milk industry, nutrient fabrication, infirmary, infective lab, etc. and collected after 3 to 6 yearss, eventually tested for its antibacterial efficiency by Bio-Burden Test. Materials Fabrics The three types of cloths were selected for unvarying cloths viz. , Polyester/Viscose ( P/V ) , Polyester/Cotton ( P/C ) blend and 100 % Cotton ( C ) . The item specifications for cloths are given in Table I. Table I.Specification of Assorted FabricsSr. No.TrialFabricsP/VP/CC1WeavePlainPlain2/1 Twill2Blend ( % )80/2067/33100 % C3GSM175.24119.57246.774EPI/ PPI58/50100/7678/535Count/Denier416/380161/15514.8/11.56Width ( centimeter )148.5921527Thickness ( millimeter )0.380.300.62Chemicals The antibacterial stuff was usedZycrobialmerchandise of Zydex industries limited, Vadodara. Looking to the environmental protocol today’s universe requires an eco-friendly and cost effectual manner to complete fabrics. Therefore in the present survey omegaycrobialas antibacterial coating agent was selected and this is eco-friendly in nature.Acetic acid( CH3COOH ) was used in thezycrobialintervention bath for keeping Acidic pH. TheR-77was supplied by zydex industries and used as pretreatment of all cloths withSodium carbonate( Sodium2Carbon monoxide3) . TheECEmention detergent was used for BS EN 26330:1994 domestic rinsing method. All chemicals used in this experiment were of analytical class and used without farther purification. Experimental methods Preparation of fabric cloths for intervention To take the coating and other hydrophobic drosss from all the three selected cloths. The cloths were treated with the bath incorporating 5 gpl non-ionic detergent ( R-77 ) and 2 gpl Na carbonate for 30 proceedingss at 800C temperature. The cloths were so washed exhaustively in running H2O, neutralized, washed once more in running H2O and eventually dried under shadiness. The pretreatment procedure was carried out in L.G. Direct Drive rinsing Machine. The pH of cloths was checked to impersonal before farther processing. Application of Zycrobial on Fabric by Embroidering Technique Application ofzycrobialon cloth was done by embroidering technique. In pad application, the cloth immersed in spirits contain needed sum of antimicrobic agent (zycrobial– 30 gpl ) and pass through the cushioning mangle at 2.5 kg/cm2force per unit area utilizing laboratory two bowl embroidering mangle. The cloth was later dried and cured at room temperature. Application of Zycrobial on Aprons by Exhaust Technique In exhaust application, the unvarying garments were treated with 3 % and 5 % ( owf )zycrobialfor 20 proceedingss at room temperature maintaining the Liquor ratio 1:10. The 5 % ( owf ) was done on infirmary and pathology lab aprons and 3 % ( owf ) for other aprons. The intervention was performed in rinsing machine utilizing exhaustion technique of application. Finally, the samples were dried at room temperature under shadiness. Washing procedure The lastingness of thezycrobialintervention was evaluated by BS EN 26330:1994 method utilizing domestic lavation procedure. The specimen was washed in an automatic domestic lavation machine by utilizing 1 gpl ECE detergent at 400C for 30 proceedingss and line dried at room temperature harmonizing to specified process. The procedure was repeated for 30 times utilizing the same process of rinsing. After 30 wash, the samples were tested for their efficaciousness by BPB trial. Evaluation of Treatment for Antibacterial Activity of Textiles Antibacterial efficiency of fabrics was measured by two methods:Bromo phenol blue method ( BPB-Stain Test )Bio-Burden TrialEvaluation of antimicrobic activity by BPB methods Testing of white or light- colored goods:Bromophonol Blue ( BPB ) solution of 0.025 % was prepared in distilled H2O ; few beads of saturated Na2Carbon monoxide3solution per 100 milliliter BPB solutions was add.10 milliliter of the solution was taken in beaker and the trial specimen was soaked in the solution for 20 mins. Finally the sample was rinsed in distilled H2O.The sample was observed for the blue discoloration and comparison against Bramophenol Blue colour trial graduated table.Evaluation of antibacterial efficiency by Bio-Burden trial Bio-burden is new trial method for proving antimicrobic activity of fabric. Bio-burden is usually defined as the figure of bacteriums populating on a surface ( Textile, Food, etc. ) that has non been sterilized. The term is most frequently used in the context of bio-burden testing, besides known as microbic bound testing, which is performed on pharmaceutical merchandises, medical merchandises and membrane filtration for quality control purposes. Merchandises or constituents used in the pharmaceutical or medical field require control of microbic degrees during processing and handling. Bio-burden or microbic bound proving on these merchandises proves that these demands have been met. The population of feasible micro-organisms ( bio-burden ) in a merchandise or on a merchandise surface is required to supervise a production procedure, be it for a medicative merchandise or a medical device. In most instances, with a medicative merchandise one is analyzing the merchandise straight, in which instance there is a demand to do certain there are no antimicrobic belongingss in the merchandise to impact the consequences. This is usually done by micro-organism recovery experiments. In the instance of medical devices there is the possibility that the extraction process may non take all the micro-organism from the device, thereby doing an underestimate of the existent bio-burden nowadays. These are based upon the standard ISO 11737:127-28. Bacteriological surveies of efficaciousness of the antibacterial activity on treated and untreated uniform garments after usage were following stairss:Two sets of treated and untreated aprons ( Shown in Table II ) were distributed for usage in different environmental scenes likeHospitalpathology research labMilk merchandise millFood processing unitGeneral Chemical Laboratory.Table II.Detailss of the aprons exposed in the different environmentSr.No.Treated/UntreatedDescription of EnvironmentDayss to Expose1TreatedDairy- ( Butter, Milk )6UntreatedDairy- ( Butter, Milk )62TreatedDairy- ( Paneer, Ice pick )6UntreatedDairy- ( Paneer, Ice pick )63TreatedRestaurant3UntreatedRestaurant34TreatedBakery3UntreatedBakery35TreatedGeneral Env. ( Zydex Lab )3UntreatedGeneral Env. ( Zydex Lab )36TreatedHospital6UntreatedHospital67TreatedPathology Lab6UntreatedPathology Lab6After usage for 3-6 yearss by the staff members in the several environments, the aprons were collected in unfertile polythene bag s and brought to the bacteriology lab.A portion of the apron stuff which is likely to be most open portion ( close to the pockets ) was cut 2 ten 2 centimeter under unfertile conditions.Each piece of the fabric was dipped individually into a unfertile trial tubing incorporating 2 ml alimentary broth solution.The tubings were so incubated at 37a? °c for 90 proceedingss.With the aid of nicrome cringle ( 4 mm diameter ) , a loop-full of peptone was placed on civilization media plates viz. , ( I ) Food agar ( two ) Blood agar and ( three ) MacConkey’s agar.The home bases were incubated aerobically at 37a? °C for over-night or 48 hours.The home bases were so examined for bacterial growing.The isolates were identified to a species degree by biochemical trials on an automated instrument ( Microscan walk off 41 ) .Consequences were so compared by numbering CFU ( colony organizing units- bacterial burden ) on treated and untreated fabric.Consequences and Discussion Antimicrobial Efficacy by Bromo Phenol Blue ( BPB – Stain ) Trial Table III shows thezycrobialefficiency of intervention on cloths. From the consequences, it can be seen that the samples treated withzycrobialexhibited good antimicrobic belongings compared to untreated samples as per BPB discoloration graduated table. Efficiency of the intervention was found decreased by increased in figure of rinsing rhythm. The consequence shown in Table III revels that after 30 wash, the deepness of bluish coloring material discoloration become lighter thanzycrobialtreated samples without wash. Further, the cotton samples withzycrobialintervention shows somewhat darker coloring material even after 30 washes. The treated samples shows darker blue discoloration compared to their untreated opposite number. Even after 30 washes the treated sample shows darker bluish discoloration compared to the untreated control sample. This consequence indicates that the efficiency ofzycrobialtreated samples retained antimicrobic belongings even after 30 wash. Table III.Zycrobialtreated and untreated cloths with 30 Time wash BPB Stain trial consequenceSr.No.TreatmentP/VP/CCotton1UntreatedI µ I µI µ I µI µ I µ230 gplzycrobial+ ++ ++ + +330 wash treated+++Efficiency ofZycrobialTreated Uniform by Bio-Burden Test The aprons (zycrobialtreated and Untreated ) were tested in Microbiology lab which exposed to different environment viz. , Dairy ( Butter and Milk subdivision for 6 yearss i.e. 3-3 yearss in each subdivision ) , Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream subdivision for 6 yearss i.e. 3-3 yearss in each subdivision ) , Restaurant ( for 3 yearss ) , Bakery ( for 3 yearss ) , General environment i.e in chemical lab ( for 3 yearss ) , Hospital ward ( for 6 yearss ) and pathology proving lab ( for 6 yearss ) . All aprons proving study are shown in table IV and table V. The tabular array IV study are shown in cfu/cm2which is convert to bacterial decrease in per centum comparison ofzycrobialtreated and untreated aprons in each environment shown in table V. InHospital environment, bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found in omegaycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) bacteria. Inpathology lab environment, bacterial decrease was 66.67 % . The settlement count inzycrobialtreated was 10,000 cfu/cm2holdingBacillus subtilisbacteria and untreated was 30,000 cfu/cm2foundStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) andBacillus subtilisbacteria. Table IV.Bio-burden trial study for omegaycrobialtreated and untreated P/V uniforms exposed in different environmentSr. No.EnvironmentUntreated p/v unvarying consequence ( cfu/cm2)Treated p/v unvarying consequence ( cfu/cm2)1Dairy ( Butter and Milk )2?10402Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream )5?1041?1043Restaurant2?10404Bakery3.1?10405General Environment ( Chemical Lab )1?10206Hospital10?10307Pathology Lab3?1041?104Table V.Bio-burden trial study of % bacterial decrease inzycrobialtreated P/V unvarying comparison to untreated P/V uniforms exposed in different environmentSr. No.Name of the EnvironmentBacterial decrease in %Remarks ( Antibacterial activity )1Dairy ( Butter and Milk )100Excellent2Dairy ( Paneer and Ice-cream )80Good3Restaurant100Excellent4Bakery100Excellent5General Environment ( Chemical Lab )100Excellent6Hospital100Excellent7Pathology Lab66.67GoodIndairy ( butter and Milk treating subdivision ) ,bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found inzycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownBacillus subtilisbacteria. Indairy ( paneer and Ice-cream processing subdivision ), bacterial decrease was 80 % . The settlement count inzycrobialtreated was 10,000cfu/cm2and in untreated was 50,000 cfu/cm2foundBacillus subtilisbacteria. InRestaurantand bakeshop, bacterial decrease was 100 % i.e. no settlement was found inzycrobialtreated apron but in untreated apron shownStaphylococcus( non-hemolytic, coagulase negative ) andBacillus subtilisbacteria. Ingeneral environmenti.e. chemical lab, bacterial count in untreated cloth itself is low i.e. merely 100 settlement. So thatzycrobialtreated was easy resisted to this bacterium. This environment is same as normal environment. Decision Zycrobial, a quaternate aminoalkane based antimicrobic agent fromZydex industryis applied successfully by economical pad-batch technique on cotton, polyester/cotton and polyester/viscose blend cloth. The intervention withzycrobialbesides improves the antimicrobic consequence of cotton, p/v and p/c cloth measured by BPB discoloration trial compared to untreated cloth.Zycrobialtreated aprons were exposed to different environment and evaluated by bio-burden trial. The treated aprons shows low bacterial tonss in different industrial environment compared to the untreated 1s. It suggests that thezycrobialtreated aprons may be used routinely to minimise the transpersonal taint in the environment. Remark on study:Non haemolytic, coagulase negativestaphylococciare natural dwellers can be found on the tegument as a commensal vegetation.Bacillus subtilisis a saprophytic bacteria. It is by and large found as a contamination in the microbiology research labs.Bacillus spp.( gm positiveB aerophilic B) is seldom recovered from clinical specimens. Their clinical significance is unsure.Recognition I take this chance to show my deep sense of gratitude towardsMr. J. Sridhar ( Vice President-Textile ),Mr. P. Pandey and Ms. S. VijayZydex Industriesfor leting me to transport out practical work and widening installations during my thesis work. 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